Sedition Act Of 1798 Essays - The Federalist Papers, James Madison

Subversion Act Of 1798 The Sedition Act of 1798 For the initial barely any long stretches of Constitutional government, under the administration of George Washington, there was a solidarity, ordinarily considered Federalism that even James Madison recognized in portraying the Republican type of government- - And as per the level of joy and pride we feel in being republicans, should be our enthusiasm in appreciating the soul and supporting the character of Federalists. Despite the fact that officials had genuine contrasts of sentiments, political solidarity was viewed as significant for the dependability of the country. Ideological groups or groups were viewed as insidious as Complaints are wherever gotten notification from our generally accommodating and prudent residents, similarly the companions of open and private confidence, and of open and individual freedom, that our administrations are excessively unsteady, that the open great is ignored in the contentions of adversary parties, and that measures are time after time chose, n ot as indicated by the principles of equity and the privileges of the minor party, however by the prevalent power of an intrigued and tyrannical lion's share Public impression of groups were identified with British overabundances and thought to be the human maladies under which well known governments have wherever died. James Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, By a group, I comprehend various residents, in the case of adding up to a dominant part or a minority of the entire, who are joined together and activated by some regular drive of energy, or of intrigue, adversed to the privileges of different residents, or to the changeless and total interests of the network. He proceeded to clarify that group is a piece of human instinct; that the CAUSES of group can't be evacuated, and that help is just to be looked for in the methods for controlling its EFFECTS. The huge point Madison was to make in this exposition was that the Union was a protect against groups in that regardless of whether the impact of divisive pioneers may fuel a fire inside their specific States, [they will be] unfit to spread a general blaze through different States. What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to challenge convention and open discernments against groups and manufacture a resistance? Did they at long last concur with Edmund Burkes well known saying: When terrible men consolidate, the great must partner; else they will fall, individually, an unpitied penance in an abominable battle? Did the appropriate response lie in their resistance with the plan of Alexander Hamilton and the increments of intensity both to the official branch just as the authoritative part of government? Hamilton pushed for The Bank of the United States, an enormous standing Army raised by the President a Department of Navy, financing and extract charges, and, in international strategy, a lack of bias that was thoughtful to British enthusiasm to the hindrance of France. Numerous officials, particularly those in the south, were frightened to the point that a division of the Union was recommended as the best way to manage Hamiltons victories. Many were anxious about the possibility that that the military would be utilized against them as it had during the Whiskey Rebellion. Southerners saw the duties to help another treasury credit preferring master British dealers in the business urban areas, and unreasonably paid via landowners in the South. These issues just as lack of bias issues between France, England, and the United States were the impetus for the shaping of the Republican Party. The French and English clash caused numerous issues with Americas political framework. The English Order of Council and the French Milan Decree unleashed ruin with Americas transportation and prompted Jays Treaty of 1794. Jays Treaty was invaluable to America and assisted with taking off a war with Britain, yet it likewise distanced the French. The French responded by holding onto American boats making the danger of war pose a potential threat in American personalities. President Adams sent three officials to France to work out an answer and to adjust the Franco-American coalition of 1778, however the Paris government requested pay-offs and an advance from the United States before dealings could even start. The American magistrates wouldn't offer the incentives and they were denied a group of people with licensed specialists and even rewarded with hatred. Two of the magistrates came back to the United States

The role of advanced practice in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The job of cutting edge practice in nursing - Essay Example Academic articles will be used so as to achieve a far reaching conversation of this topic. Individual nursing encounters will likewise be coordinated into this paper so as to help validate the conversation. This paper is being embraced so as to attempt an intensive assessment of cutting edge practice medical caretaker and its pivotal job in the social insurance practice. Propelled practice medical caretakers are characterized or portrayed in an assortment of ways. The Nursing Scope and Standards of Nursing characterize propelled practice nurture as those â€Å"having progressed particular clinical information and abilities through master’s or doctoral training that gets ready for specialization, extension, and headway of practice† (as refered to by Jansen and Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010, p. 5). For this situation, practicing alludes to the demonstration of concentrating or centering one’s practice into a piece of the more prominent nursing practice. Spend significant time in maternal and youngster care might be one of the regions of cutting edge work on nursing. It is centered around the consideration given to the pregnant mother, and consequently her conveyance and youngster care. It centers around what the mother and kid clearly needs and how the medical attendant can lighten such needs. Propelled nursing practice incorporates the extension of abilities and information †past that which is typically secured by nursing practice, now and again in any event, covering the standard limits of clinical practice (Jansen and Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010). In the reasonable setting, this may incorporate the headway of nursing practice into radiology or diagnostics. Generally, the perusing and deciphering research center and radiography results was the territory of radiologists and diagnosticians; yet now, a few fields of cutting edge work on nursing currently incorporate radiology nursing and diagnostics. This firmly speaks to the advances in the nursing practice, where the nursing care has gone past autonomous

Understanding the Basic Emotions Babies Have From Birth

Understanding the Basic Emotions Babies Have From Birth Emotions Print The Basic Emotions Babies Have From Birth By Leonard Holmes Updated on October 11, 2019 Sally Anscombe/Getty Images More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral approaches have come to dominate psychotherapy, but the emotions babies have from birth may offer alternative forms of therapy. Research has shown, however, that there are good reasons for the prevalence of cognitive-behavioral approaches to therapy. Mainly,  this therapeutic approach works for many problems. Depression, in particular, has been shown to respond well to approaches that help people change their beliefs and assumptions. On the other hand, one potential problem with cognitive approaches is their tendency to relegate emotions to a secondary status. Psychologist  Albert Ellis, for example, saw strong emotions as a result of an interaction between events in the environment and beliefs that we have. Infant Emotions Serve as a Guide   But what about babies? Weve all seen babies who seem to be feeling very strong emotions. Do these emotions result from their beliefs? Affect theory is an attempt to explain babies. We all understand that babies have at least rudimentary emotions. Its a lot harder to think of them as having beliefs. Affect theory differs greatly from cognitive approaches because it postulates that we are born with nine very basic emotions called affects. All emotions stem from these affects. Positive, Neutral, and Negative Affects Psychologist Silvan Tomkins believed these nine affects to be innate and the source of all emotions. The affects range from positive to neutral to negative. The positive interests include interest/excitement and enjoyment/joy. The neutral emotions include surprise/startle, while the negative emotions include the following: Fear/terrorAnger/rageDistress/anguish Shame/humiliationDisgustDissmell (repulsion) Silvan Tomkins originally developed affect theory before cognitive theories were popular. It is one of several evolutionary theories that postulate that there are a small number of innate affects. Much of his original work is reputed to be quite difficult to read, so his ideas have been more popular when presented by others who follow his school of thought. Chief among these is Dr. Donald Nathanson, the founder of the  Silvan S. Tomkins Institute. Nathansons  works on the topics of shame and affect theory  have begun a quiet revolution among psychotherapists. Emotions have become clearer and new light is shed on therapeutic techniques such as  eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Script Theory and New Psychotherapy Trends Tompkins affect theory is accompanied by his script theory (which even Nathanson claims to not fully understand). As we get older, we organize our experience into scenes, then into scripts that include emotions, past experiences and guidelines for behavior. The gatherings of the Tomkins Institute  are one of the best places to learn about affect theory and script theory. Nathanson hosts the event, along with others who are active in research and clinical work on the theory. The colloquium has featured several presentations on using EMDR as a technique for freeing people from destructive scripts in their lives and Nathanson encouraged all of the therapists present to learn this technique. Is affect theory the next trend in psychotherapy? Quite possibly, but it has yet not reached the critical mass that it needs to dethrone cognitive therapy. It has great potential, however. Next time you spend time with an infant, ask yourself whether she has emotions. Then ask why.

Starbucks Brand Inventory - 1657 Words

1. Brand inventory History The first Starbucks opened in Seattle on March 30, 1971 by three partners: Jerry Baldwin (English teacher), Zev Siegl (history teacher), and Gordon Bowker (writer). The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment. The name, inspired by Moby Dick, evoked the romance of the high seas and the seafaring tradition of the early coffee traders. From 1971–1975, the first Starbucks was at 2000 Western Avenue; it then was relocated to 1912 Pike Place, where it remains to this day. During their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, and then began buying directly from growers. Entrepreneur Howard Schultz†¦show more content†¦* Help increase incremental sales and revenue by offering seasonal merchandise, coffee and beverages to customers. * Create a fun, festive atmosphere with holiday assortment that’s sure to get customers excited. * Provide customers with the same premium holiday coffee experience they enjoy in Starbucks retail stores. Profile of competitive brands The main competition at the global level: McDonald with the McCafà ©. Recently, McDonald embarked on the coffee market and is therefore now coffee in all its forms. But the goal is not to be placed only on the coffee market but more generally on the drinks market (teas, iced teas) to reach even more consumers. For that, he opened Cafà © Mac inside McDonalds responding to consumer demand who can buy specialty drinks. McDonalds has installed baristas, that is to say servers preparing cappuccinos and other hit on the way to Starbucks. Because of its prices and locations, McDonalds is the number one fast food, he now wants to become as number one on the beverage market. McDonald has the advantage of locations very well placed to attract customers. Moreover, it is based on lower prices than Starbucks. However, McDonalds does not pretend to compete with Starbucks. It has a different offer: it does not have as many varieties of coffee that Starbucks does and isnt as inviting, with sofas or other comfort that areShow MoreRelatedThe Social Brand Inventory On Starbucks Corporation Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Brand Inventory I chose to complete the social brand inventory on Starbucks Corporation. Starbucks’s logo and only symbol is an image of a siren, a two-tailed mermaid. Starbucks does not have one positioning statement, but varying slogans by product or marketing campaign. Six popular slogans include â€Å"It’s not just coffee. It’s Starbucks†, â€Å"Life happens over coffee†; â€Å"Coffee is Culinary†, â€Å"Let’s Merry†, â€Å"Starbucks DoubleShot. Bring on the day†, and â€Å"Starbucks Frappuccino. Work can wait.† Read MoreBusiness Risks And Inherent Risks1512 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Risks and Inherent Risks Starbucks’ success depends significantly on the value of their brands and failure to preserve their value, either through their actions or those of their business partners, could have a negative impact on their financial results. Brand value is based in part on consumer perceptions on a variety of subjective qualities. Business incidents, whether one-time or recurring and whether originating from Starbucks or their business partners, that weaken consumer trust, suchRead MoreStarbucks Inventory Management : Starbucks1195 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Inventory Management: In the inventories section, they are directed at the lower of cost (primarily moving average cost) or market. 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Starbucks’ hold 75% market share in domestic market and is expanding aggressively in the international marketRead MoreStarbucks : Financial Analysis Part 21234 Words   |  5 Pages Starbucks: Financial Analysis Part 2 Anna Gallagher American Public Universityâ€Æ' Price earnings (P/E) ratio is considered to be the most valuable tool for investors in determining which stock investments from comparable industry will most likely yield higher growth earnings in the future. Price earnings ratio is calculated by dividing the company’s price per share by its earnings per share (Yahoo Finance, 2015). The higher the ratio, the better because investors can use this ratio as an indicatorRead MoreCoffee Supply Chain : Part B1522 Words   |  7 Pagesand be served to these business’s loyal customers. In this paper we have conducted greater research on the coffee supply chain network. We will discuss the risks and the best practices that will offset these risks; conduct a financial analysis of Starbucks; evaluate a specific evaluation of Brazil and transportation followed by an evaluation of performance improvements of the coffee supply chain. Risks and Best Practices: The three key decisions for the coffee supply chain network were previouslyRead MoreStarbucks : Companys Fiscal Year End Date1047 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Starbucks is a worldwide coffee company that produces world-class coffee, pastries and beverages. They are known as one of the most productive global coffee companies. Starbucks began as a small coffee and was founded by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker in Seattle, Washington in 1971. It is now headquartered in Seattle, Washington and incorporated in Olympia, Washington. The company’s fiscal year end date is September 27th. Although Starbucks has its own audit and complianceRead MoreStarbucks Coffee Operation Management1661 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: 3 The Transformation Role of Operations Management: 3 Starbucks Coffee Hiratage: 3 Starbucks Coffee Mission: 4 Starbucks Supply Chain Objectives 5 Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks 6 Introduction: Every business is managed through multiple business functions each responsible for managing certain aspects of the business. Operations management (OM) isRead MoreStarbucks Analysis : Starbucks And Dunkin Donuts901 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks financial statements were analyzed for the fiscal year ended September 27, 2015. Like all public companies, annual and quarterly financial statements are required to allow regulators and other interested parties to analyze the financial status and management decision making of the company. This analysis focuses on the results of Starbucks most recent published annual report containing their balance sheets, statement of earnings and cash flows. These statements will be analyzed against

Anna Storks Demographic Narrative - 1367 Words

Demographic Narrative Anna Stork is a 72-year-old white female who was diagnosed with congestive heart failure 2 years ago. She has periodic exacerbations of CHF requiring numerous hospital admissions in the last six months. She has been followed by the Medical Center of Trinity Hospital cardiologist, Dr. D. Patel since the diagnosis. Anna’s past medical history is significant for anterior MI approx. 5 years ago, stent implanted, atrial fibrillation, arthritis, IAD and pacemaker implanted, and CHF. Her surgical history includes; stent, IAD, and pacemaker implanted. She denies any allergy history. Anna stroke lives with her husband Steve Stork in a three-bedroom apartment in Newport Richey, Florida. Her both parents are deceased. Her father died at 68 due to myocardial infarction and mother died at 92 due to old age problems. She has a total of 4 siblings. One sister with hypertension which is controlled by medications and diet, one brother with hypertension and cardiomyopathy, and the other 2 siblings (boy and girl) are in good health with no current illnesses. Her husband has mild dementia, diabetes, and hypertension. She has 2 children (son daughter); both are healthy with no significant medical history. Anna Stork is happily married for 40 years. She denies alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. She was a former smoker and quit smoking few months ago. One of her sister own few day care centers and she work 8 hour shift 3 days a week in one of her

Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal Free Essays

This is not so! To support this argument Michael Faraday is the perfect example. Faraday didn’t receive a formal education, yet through the dint of hard work and sheer determination he became one of the 19’Th Century. Michael Faraday belonged to the poor family of a blacksmith. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal or any similar topic only for you Order Now His parents were so poor that they were not able to send Faraday to school. At a time when all boys of his age went to school, Faraday was ngaged in menial work. Due to the crushing poverty of his family, Faraday was forced to take up several odd Jobs that taught him how to fend for himself when he was still a minor. However, in the course of time, Faradays hard work and a flair for science made him one of the most successful scientists of his time in England. Faraday took deep interest in science and made a significant contribution to the study of physics and chemistry. Faraday had an extraordinary number of ingenious ways to work out on scientific methods. This special ability of Faradays astonished many renowned scientists of his time. Faraday was the first scientist who succeeded in liquefying a permanent gas. This was without doubt a great discovery of his time. Moreover, Faraday is much acclaimed for his major contribution to electricity and magnetism. It was Faraday who laid the foundation of the electric motor, the generator, the transformer, etc. As with physics Faraday was also interested In chemistry. He discovered benzene and used it for different purposes In fact, Faraday didn’t have a university education; but he was still unanimously appointed professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution. This was the acknowledgement of his rofound knowledge and Ingenious capacity to deal with scientific methods. Faradays lectures on science were highly knowledge and fully of witty remarks. In order to give due respect to Michael Faraday, a unit of electricity was named after him. It is called â€Å"Farad† this Is the unit to measures an amount of electrical charge. In the course of time, Faraday developed generators and transformers which were regarded as major Inventions of 19’Th century. Not only this, Faraday Is also remembered for having coined new technical words used In electricity Ilke Ion, electrode, cathode, and anode etc. MICHAEL FARADAY was born on September 22, 1791, In Newington Butts, London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday and Mrs. Margaret Hastwell migrated from Clapham, Yorkshire, to London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday was a blacksmith, and he was managing to survive on a very meager Income. Faradays early childhood was spent In poverty and hardship. When Faraday was a young boy of ten, he saw all his playmates going to school. Like many other boys, Faraday also wanted go to school , therefore he repeatedly Implored his father to send him to school but his father would say , â€Å"next year†, and that next year never came. As a result , all his life Faraday was deprived of school and a university education. Actually Mr. Faraday wanted to send his son to school , but he was simply unable duo to his very poor financial state. HIS Income was quite low and also not very reliable. Due to such an erratic Income from his profession Mr. Faraday could not send his son to send him to a school. â€Å"l should do something to educate myself. † Although Faraday was not going to school, he had an unusual obsession for reading and collecting books of all kinds. His interest chiefly lay in science. He began to collect good books o matter how expensive they were and , to meet the expenses of buying books ; Faraday began to do all sorts of odd Jobs that came his way. Faradays love for books was well known among his friends. One fine morning, Faraday was going to a Job when he met one of his bosom pals, he informed Faraday about a Job opportunity available in a bookbinding shop. This was absolutely fabulous news for Faraday because he knew working in a bookbinding shop meant getting an opportunity to read plenty of books. Faraday immediately changed direction and headed towards the bookbinder’s shop and asked the owner for the Job. The owner of the bookbinding shop was Mr. Riebau who was a kind man. He agreed to employ Faraday on a nominal wage, but for Faraday a Job in a bookbinding shop was more valuable than any wage. Faraday was extremely happy with his new Job. He would go to work well before the duty time and leave late in the evening. Faraday would also bring some books with him whose delivery was to be made little late. Faraday started serious study of any science books which fell into his hand. He had taken a keen interest in science , but especially in physics and chemistry. It became a routine for Faraday to study late into the night , but sometimes he would even remain awake for the whole night and read an entire book in a single sitting. Faraday worked in Mr. Riebau’s bookbinding shop for over eight years. After 8 years of service in Mr. Riebau’s shop , Faraday then Joined in Mr. De La Roche’s bookbinding shop. Here too Faraday did his work with complete dedication and gave his mater no opportunity to make a complaint against him. During this period Faraday had successfully managed to collect his own personal library which he kept in his little bedroom where he would study physics and chemistry with complete dedication. While reading science and the works of great scientists , Faraday began to nurture a desire of becoming a scientists deep in his heart. One day a satisfied costumer gave a ticket to Faraday. The ticket was a gate-pass to attend lecture of Sir Humphrey Daw at Royal Institute. Faraday was very grateful to the gentleman who have him the ticket as he was very eager to attend the lectures. On the day of Daws lectures Faraday reached the hall almost an hour early and secure his seat in the first row so that he could see and hear Daws lecture clearly. One by one Faraday attended all the lectures of Sir. Humphrey Daw. Sir Humphrey Daws learned lectures left a profound impression on Faraday. While Sir Daw was delivering lectures , Faraday has noted down every single important fact in his notebook. Later he carefully studied those notes and wrote several pages which he made into a thick book and went straight to Humphrey Daws house. Faraday handed over this book to Sir Humphrey Daw and requested him to read in his leisure time. Sir Daw studied Faradays book and found it very interesting. A few days later Faraday asked Sir Daws opinion about his book , Sir Daw said he was impressed by his work and these words of Sir Daw were more than enough to nspire a young man like Faraday. Faradays meeting with Sir Daw left a good impression upon Sir Daws mind. A few months later Faraday sought a Job in Sir Daws laboratory, because he was eager to see scientific experiments close-up. as extremely glad as he had the opportunity to work under the guidance of Sir Daw, a renowned scientist of his time. Faraday was very delighted in order to improve his understanding of science. Sir Daw taught him several important aspects of physics and chemistry that tremendously helped to expand Faradays mental horizon . Sir Daw was also very satisfied at seeing Faradays rapid progress as he was picking up verything very quickly. After one year of hard work , Faraday has the opportunity to be one of the members of Sir Daws entourage on a European tour. On this important tour , Sir Daw delivered many erudite lectures that Faraday had noted down in his notebooks. Faraday had also received some rare opportunities to meet with some renowned scientists. Faraday duly capitalised on this opportunity to improve his scientific Knowledge. While Faraday was doing very well in science , Mrs. Daw never treated Faraday as more than a servant , but Faraday never made any complaint about her obnoxious behaviour to Sir Daw. Faraday remained a through gentleman all his life. Upon his return from the tour on 1815 , Faraday became even more ambitious to be a scientist then he was before. Now he wanted to establish his own identity as a scientist rather than Just as a working assistant in Sir Daws laboratory. So Faraday began to study will all his ability. Faraday seriously began making a series of experiments until late into the night. On the basis of his long-time experiments and through study of science. He eventually developed electromagnetic rotations. Faraday showed his discoveries to Sir Daw and asked his opinion for its publication n the scientific Journal, but Sir Daw delayed giving his opinion on Faradays discoveries and that soured their relationship. Sir Daw did not acknowledge Faradays achievement at the first sight and never gave the ideas for this. Anyway , Faraday was most embarrassed at receiving such a cold reception from Sir Daw. However , without getting Sir Daws approval, Faraday published his works on electromagnetic rotation. When Faradays papers were published in a reputed science Journal, Sir Daw blamed Faraday for publishing his papers without his acknowledgement. After the publication of Faradays papers in the science Journal hose scientists who disliked Faraday accused him of stealing or plagiarizing the ideas of other scientists. Faraday did not lend an ear to the clamor his opponents were making, Instead Faraday went on with more experiments and published many scientific papers in several Journals. Faraday succeeded to liquefy chlorine in 1823 and proved that a gas can also be liquefied. Slowly but steadily , Faraday was emerging from obscurity into the limelight as a rising scientist. Faraday submitted an application to the Royal Institute in 1824 and sought to be elected a fellow of the Royal Institute , but his application was ruthlessly turned down. Later it was suspected that actually Sir Daw did not want to see Faraday sitting equal to him. In spite of Sir Daws strong opposition , the following year Faraday was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and later directory of the laboratory of the Royal Institute. Faraday took special interest in the study of electromagnetic function. After a series of experiments , he discovered electromagnetic induction , the battery , the electric arc , and electrostatics. These were some of the major discoveries which duly lifted eputation to a new height as a most brilliant scientist. The loads of work and staying up late into night caused severe harm to his health. Due to heavy workload, he often Faraday complained of losing his memory and that made him unable to write about studying or experiment on new things as freely as he wanted. Faraday passed away peacefully at the age of 76 in his arm chair on August 25 , 1867. Faraday discoveries and inventions created new avenues in the field of science and technology. Faraday was without doubt one of the foremost scientist who set the foundations of scientific discovery. How to cite Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal, Papers

Identify the Historical Cost Accounting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify and describe three (3) alternatives to Historical Cost Accounting (HCA). In your description, outline the underlying assumptions of each alternative and provide examples of how each method could be applied in practice. Critically evaluate whether any of these alternatives represent a viable alternative to historical cost accounting? 2.Identify the main users of accounting referred to within the AASB/IASB conceptual framework. Does the identification of particular users within the conceptual framework have implications for the future of accounting measurement? In your response you will need to consider the implications of the identification of particular users on the use of fair values and historical cost accounting?3. Who does Hines believe has the most to gain from the development of conceptual frameworks? Compare and contrast the views of Hines with the advantages? Answers: 1. Since ages, the record of the books of account was done at the historical cost. It can be regarded as the account that is socially constructed and is inductively developed. It refers to the process in which the costs of transactions are recorded at the price at which it was the purchased (Ellul et al., 2015). Although the historical cost was positive in nature, during the late 70s and early 80s the change in the economic condition and the rise of principle of accounting, the nature of historical cost (HCA) from positive became normative. It represented the cost in which the asset was acquired and ignored its present value. Under the basis ofhistorical cost accounting the liabilities and the assets and are recorded at the values at which it was purchased. In terms of this the entry are made in the balance sheet and the income statements. The main advantages of historical cost (Taplin, Yuan Brown, 2014) it is a straightforward and comprehensive process. However, there is no indication of the current value of the assets and it completely ignores the opportunity cost of the use of the assets. In order to solve the problem and change theaccounting nature to different other normative alternatives are needed to be identified. According to IFRS, the various alternatives ofaccounting other than historical cost are listed below: Current Cost Accounting: The current cost accounting is a normative alternative for the historical cost accounting (Smith Smith, 2014). It is based on the values that are actual and the historical costs that are adjusted are not adjusted. It differentiates the profits from holding and trading gains are differentiated. The profits that are holding can be either realized or unrealized. The Income perspective adopted will determine whether holding gains or losses will be treated as income. The currents cost accounting assumption is that that they take in account the losses and gains as income and capital adjustments. The accounting method of current cost helps in many ways the business; it helps in entitys accurate performance comparison of the and the current state of performance can be evaluated easily with the help of this method (Barker Schulte 2017). However, the cost of replacement may differ that can give rise to high complexity and there can be lack of familiarity. To understand the current cost accounting an example is as follows: Considering a building as been acquired on first of January 2012 at a cost of $1000000 and is 10 years is the useful estimated life. The cost of replacement is $1800000 on first of Jan 2017 and $2000000 on 31st of Jan 2017. Then the current value of depreciation by the current cost method will be calculated by: =$1900000 Fair value accounting: Principle of Fair value accounting is the that has been implemented by the IFRS to standardize the fair value calculation by examining the historical cost. It requires that the fair market value or an estimation of market price be used the present value of the expected cash flow. In the early 1990s it was established but in 2006 was amended. While evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of the fair value accounting, It can be said that it reflects the economic reality and the accurate value of losses are recognized but at times they are subject to high volatility and it may impact the down market accounting (McDonough Shakespeare, 2015). To understand this concept practically by an example, assuming a companys stock sells currently for $20 per share. The company innovated the product, resigned the packing and the product line and made improvements. Even though these changes will not reflect directly on the financial statements of the company, it can improvise the Companys competitive advantage in key markets (Fontes, Panaretou Peasnell, 2018). Considering this, the investors may assume a enhancement in the future cash flow in the and anticipate it to be much forward going. Growth rate can be estimated and calculated by thefair valueof the stock at $50 per share that is $30 more than the current amount Current purchasing power accounting: This method is useful in times of hyperactive inflationary environment. The capital maintenance of finance is measured in units of constant purchasing power in terms of daily index in this technique,. It is fundamentally different from the method of accounting of the historical cost as in historical cost; the capital is maintained in the nominal monetary units (bbott Tan?Kantor, 2017). The process of historical cost that is to maintain the capital at nominal money units is a wrong move as the maintenance if the constant power of purchase that is the real value during inflation and deflation is impossible. In case of accounting of Constant purchasing power, the constant purchasing power of the capital for a period can be automatically maintained and that is indefinite. The advantage of the CPP is that it measures the impact on the entity in terms of the purchasing power shareholder and as it relies on the standard index it is more simple and objective based. However, it does not signify the current values of the assets and the liabilities and the general price index may not be appropriate for all the assets in all the businesses. Moreover, at times the CPP fails to capture the economic substance when there is a divergence in the general movements in price (Polman, Effron Thomas, 2017). For example, if an organization holds a land at $10, 000 at 5% is the recorded rate of inflation then the attuned value of the land may represented as $10,500 and if this land was sold then assumption can be made that the cash received would have the same power of purchasing. Although the value of the land in terms of money has increased there would be no gain or loss recognized. By comparison, $10 in cash held now is still worth $10 in cash 2 years later, but its purchasing power would have declined and this reduction in purchasing power would be recognized in shaping the financial performance of the entity. Therefore, as the historical cost method has become normative in nature it is important to make replacements in the method that is traditional of historical cost to represent the transaction. It can be easily replaced by all these accounting methods, which are more accurate and practical (Whittington, 2016). 2. The project of conceptual framework includes the one of the major undertakings of the international accounting standard board (IASB) that has been framed with an objective to improvise the reporting of finance by providing a set of concepts that are more complete with sound clarity and are updated. It addresses the areas that are not covered by the existing framework, like: Measurement Performance Disclosure Derecognizing Reporting The objective of the conceptual framework includes clarification of the existing framework, such as the various informations that are needed to meet the objectives of the firms and provides a clearer assets and liabilities definition and a sound guidance to support the definition (Sikka, 2015). The two primary users of the financial reporting can be termed as external users and internal users. The internal users include the manager who utilizes the information of accounting for making decisions related to the companys operations. The users who are external refers to the the ones who are not involved with the firms operation but hold some financial interest (Bibauw, Franois Desmet, 2018). They include the investors, lenders, suppliers, employees, creditors, consumer, public in general and the government agencies. Investors and owners: The decision makers needs to provide informations to the stakeholders of the corporation that is to whether to hold, sell or buy the stocks and share, with the help of the financial statements it will be easier to convey the information. Many prospective investors who need information for assessing the potential for the company's success and profitability, takes the help of the financial statements (Jessen et al., 2014). Similarly, the various small business entities need the financial information for determination of whether to continue with the business with that entity or to drop the idea after assessing profitability of the origination. Management: Themangers of the firms whether owners or hired, had to face regularly the economic decisions like the purchase of the suppliers, the portion of liquid cash in hand, the performance analysis and the target attainment. The financial reporting helps to get all these valuable information so that the management can efficiently manage the business and increase the efficiency (Kotl et al., 2017). Moreover, in the small scale businesses, owners may be included in the management. In large-scale organizations, the managers are the agents of the owners. They are hired externally for the taking the responsibility of operating the business. Lenders of the business: The lenders include financial institutions like the banks who are interested in the ability of company to pay the liability upon maturity. Suppliers or Trade creditors: Similar to the lenders of the trade creditors and the various suppliers are interested in the financial reporting of the company, as they need information regarding the companys ability to pay the obligations when it comes to use. In a simpler term, they are interested in the liquidity of the company, which are the obligations that are short term in nature. Government: The states governing bodies like the authorities of the tax are interested in the entities financial informations for the purpose of regulation and tax (Reed, 2014). The taxes of each of the businesses are computed based on result and operations of the company. Therefore, representation of the transactions in the financial report is needed. The state needs to keep themselves updated with the companys performance to determine the amount of tax. Employees Employees of the company are interested in the profitability and stability of the company to determine the capability to pay ability to get their remuneration and provide employee benefits. They may also be interested in its financial position and performance to examine the firms possibilities of expansion security and opportunities of development of career. Clients In times of long-term contract or involvement between the customers, the customers and the company become interested in the ability company to continue its being and maintain stability operation. This purpose is also heightened where the clients depend upon the firm. General Public The general outsiders of the company like the various researchers, students and the analysts are interested in the financial statements for various valuation and research purposes. Users of the financial reporting have a choice between the two measurement of accounting that is the fair value method and the HCA. In spite of the universal adaptation of the FVA as the measurement of accounting, there exists a debate that in many countries due its high volatility, it can result in the financial economic crisis and the historical cost method ignores the present value and considers the past, which is normative in nature. Both have underlying limitations. In this context, there has existing an underlying controversy that analyses the two approaches. It is not only a question but also a judgment on the conceptual framework to adopt for the financial reporting evaluations (Bauer, O'Brien. Saeed, 2014). It can be concluded that according to the nature of the business, the decision is to be taken about what measurement technique should be adapted. 3. As discussed in the above discussion the conceptual framework of financial reporting, is the technique in the accounting theory, which is prepared by a standard setting body like IASB for investigating the practical problems of accounting. They deal the issues of the fundamentals of financial reporting and the many other framework objectives. In other terms, conceptual framework is a theoretical principles statement that guides the financial reporting and accounting (Tracey, 2015). The reason of developing the conceptual framework is that it provides a systematic framework to set the accounting standard and resolve the various accounting disputes. The benefits of the conceptual framework according to the IASB is that the conceptual framework helps in the clarification of the various concepts underlying with the accounting standards and the makers of stands like the IASB to develop accounting standards consistently (Gordon et al., 2015). It also provides a clear understanding in the process of accounting, auditing and the other financial operations. if this approach of standard setting is made clear to the users the determination of the nature and function of the financial information that is to be reported would be much easier. The conceptual framework also acts as a guide for unusual transactions. According to the users of the framework, having a conceptual framework helps to improve the overall credibility of the accounting profession as well. Moreover, the conceptual framework enhances the process of comparing the statements to verify the performance. Therefore, the conceptual framework is a systematic and practical method of reporting in recent times. According to the Standard-setting board and the various bodies of accounting, the conceptual framework projects provides a outlook based on principles that is user-centric, it also offers the most objective approach to the generation of general purpose financial reports (Tracey, 2015). In terms of teleological normative ethics, conceptual framework is totally aligned to ethical universalism. Hines has referred the conceptual framework the body that provides knowledge to the accounting users. She terms the conceptual framework as core knowledge of various accounting practice. It guides all the transactions. She has considered it as a strategic maneuver that provides the legitimacy for setting of standard (Coulson, 2012). However, according to Hines there are drawbacks of this concept. she has interpreted that the conceptual framework in a different way by pointing out the nature of accounting and auditing to be problematic and questioning the ability of the conceptual framework, of not being able to provide a sound clarity in the reporting procedure, to overcome the lack in understand of the accounting concepts by the users. References Barker, R., Schulte, S. (2017). Representing the market perspective: Fair value measurement for non-financial assets.Accounting, Organizations and Society,56, 55-67. Bauer, A. M., O'Brien, P. C., Saeed, U. (2014). Reliability makes accounting relevant: a comment on the IASB Conceptual Framework project.Accounting in Europe,11(2), 211-217. bbott, M., Tan?Kantor, A. (2017). Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation.Australian Accounting Review. Bibauw, S., Franois, T., Desmet, P. (2018). Discussing with a computer to practice a foreign language: from a conceptual framework to a research agenda for dialogue-based CALL.Computer Assisted Language Learning,31, 1. Coulson, A. (2012). IASB Conceptual Framework: Qualitative characteristics of useful information.Accounting Technician Ellul, A., Jotikasthira, C., Lundblad, C. T., Wang, Y. (2015). Is historical cost accounting a panacea? Market stress, incentive distortions, and gains trading.The Journal of Finance,70(6), 2489-2538. Fontes, J. C., Panaretou, A., Peasnell, K. V. (2018). The Impact of Fair Value Measurement for Bank Assets on Information Asymmetry and the Moderating Effect of Own Credit Risk Gains and Losses.The Accounting Review. Gordon, E. A., Bischof, J., Daske, H., Munter, P., Saka, C., Smith, K. J., Venter, E. R. (2015). The IASB's discussion paper on the Conceptual framework for financial reporting: a commentary and research review.Journal of International Financial M Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., Van Boxtel, M., Breteler, M., Ceccaldi, M., Chtelat, G., ... Glodzik, L. (2014). A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association,10(6), 844-852. Kotl, V., t?tina, T., Poupardin, R., Korbelov, J., Bruce, A. W. (2017). Conceptual framework of the eco-physiological phases of insect diapause development justified by transcriptomic profiling.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201707281. McDonough, R. P., Shakespeare, C. M. (2015). Fair value measurement capabilities, disclosure, and the perceived reliability of fair value estimates: A discussion of Bhat and Ryan (2015).Accounting, Organizations and Society,46, 96-99. Polman, E., Effron, D. A., Thomas, M. R. (2017). Other Peoples Money: Moneys Perceived Purchasing Power Is Smaller for Others Than for the Self.Journal of Consumer Research. Reed, E. S. (2014). The intention to use a specific affordance: A conceptual framework for psychology. InDevelopment in context(pp. 61-92). Psychology Press. Sikka, P. (2015). The hand of accounting and accountancy firms in deepening income and wealth inequalities and the economic crisis: some evidence.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,30, 46-62. Smith, S. R., Smith, K. R. (2014). The journey from historical cost accounting to fair value accounting: The case of acquisition costs.Journal of Business and Accounting,7(1), 3 Taplin, R., Yuan, W., Brown, A. (2014). The use of fair value and historical cost accounting for investment properties in China.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,8(1), 101. Tracey, E. (2015). Discussion of Conservatism, prudence and the IASB's conceptual frameworkby Richard Barker (2015).Accounting and Business Research,45(4), 539-542. Whittington, G. (2016). Accounting and economics.The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1-6.

About John Stuart Mill, a Male Feminist and Philosopher

About John Stuart Mill, a Male Feminist and Philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806 to 1873) is best known for his writings on liberty, ethics, human rights and economics. The utilitarian ethicist Jeremy Bentham was an influence in his youth. Mill, an atheist, was godfather to Bertrand Russell. A friend was Richard Pankhurst, the husband of suffrage activist Emmeline Pankhurst. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor had 21 years of an unmarried, intimate friendship. After her husband died, they married in 1851. That same year, she published an essay, The Enfranchisement of Women, advocating for women being able to vote. It was barely three years after American women had called for womens suffrage at the Womans Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York. The Mills claimed that a transcript of a speech by Lucy Stone from the 1850 Womens Rights Convention was their inspiration. Harriet Taylor Mill died in 1858. Harriets daughter served as his assistant in subsequent years. John Stuart Mill published On Liberty shortly before Harriet died, and many believe that Harriet had more than a small influence on that work. The Subjection of Women Mill wrote The Subjection of Women in 1861, though it was not published until 1869. In this, he argues for education of women and for perfect equality for them. He credited Harriet Taylor Mill with co-authoring the essay, but few at the time or later took it seriously. Even today, many feminists accept his word on this, while many non-feminist historians and authors do not. The opening paragraph of this essay makes his position quite clear: The object of this Essay is to explain as clearly as I am able grounds of an opinion which I have held from the very earliest period when I had formed any opinions at all on social political matters, and which, instead of being weakened or modified, has been constantly growing stronger by the progress reflection and the experience of life. That the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes - the legal subordination of one sex to the other - is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other. Parliament From 1865 to 1868, Mill served as a Member of Parliament. In 1866, he became the first M.P. ever to call for women being given the vote, introducing a bill written by his friend Richard Pankhurst. Mill continued to advocate for womens vote along with other reforms including additional suffrage extensions. He served as president of the Society for Womens Suffrage, founded in 1867. Extending Suffrage to Women In 1861, Mill had published Considerations on Representative Government, advocating for for a universal but graduated suffrage. This was the basis for many of his efforts in Parliament. Here is an excerpt from chapter VIII, Of the Extension of the Suffrage, where he discusses womens voting rights: In the preceding argument for universal but graduated suffrage, I have taken no account of difference of sex. I consider it to be as entirely irrelevant to political rights as difference in height or in the color of the hair. All human beings have the same interest in good government; the welfare of all is alike affected by it, and they have equal need of a voice in it to secure their share of its benefits. If there be any difference, women require it more than men, since, being physically weaker, they are more dependent on law and society for protection. Mankind have long since abandoned the only premises which will support the conclusion that women ought not to have votes. No one now holds that women should be in personal servitude; that they should have no thought, wish, or occupation but to be the domestic drudges of husbands, fathers, or brothers. It is allowed to unmarried, and wants but little of being conceded to married women to hold property, and have pecuniary and business interests in the same manner as men. It is considered suitable and proper that women should think, and write, and be teachers. As soon as these things are admitted, the political disqualification has no principle to rest on. The whole mode of thought of the modern world is, with increasing emphasis, pronouncing against the claim of society to decide for individuals what they are and are not fit for, and what they shall and shall not be allowed to attempt. If the principles of modern politics and political economy are good for any thing, it is for proving that these points can only be rightly judged of by the individuals themselves; and that, under complete freedom of choice, wherever there are real diversities of aptitude, the greater number will apply themselves to the things for which they are on the average fittest, and the exceptional course will only be taken by the exceptions. Either the whole tendency of modern social improvements has been wrong, or it ought to be carried ou t to the total abolition of all exclusions and disabilities which close any honest employment to a human being. But it is not even necessary to maintain so much in order to prove that women should have the suffrage. Were it as right as it is wrong that they should be a subordinate class, confined to domestic occupations and subject to domestic authority, they would not the less require the protection of the suffrage to secure them from the abuse of that authority. Men, as well as women, do not need political rights in order that they may govern, but in order that they may not be misgoverned. The majority of the male sex are, and will be all their lives, nothing else than laborers in corn-fields or manufactories; but this does not render the suffrage less desirable for them, nor their claim to it less irresistible, when not likely to make a bad use of it. Nobody pretends to think that woman would make a bad use of the suffrage. The worst that is said is that they would vote as mere dependents, the bidding of their male relations. If it be so, so let it be. If they think for themselves, great go od will be done; and if they do not, no harm. It is a benefit to human beings to take off their fetters, even if they do not desire to walk. It would already be a great improvement in the moral position of women to be no longer declared by law incapable of an opinion, and not entitled to a preference, respecting the most important concerns of humanity. There would be some benefit to them individually in having something to bestow which their male relatives can not exact, and are yet desirous to have. It would also be no small matter that the husband would necessarily discuss the matter with his wife, and that the vote would not be his exclusive affair, but a joint concern. People do not sufficiently consider how markedly the fact that she is able to have some action on the outward world independently of him, raises her dignity and value in a vulgar mans eyes, and makes her the object of a respect which no personal qualities would ever obtain for one whose social existence he can ent irely appropriate. The vote itself, too, would be improved in quality. The man would often be obliged to find honest reasons for his vote, such as might induce a more upright and impartial character to serve with him under the same banner. The wifes influence would often keep him true to his own sincere opinion. Often, indeed, it would be used, not on the side of public principle, but of the personal interest or worldly vanity of the family. But, wherever this would be the tendency of the wifes influence, it is exerted to the full already in that bad direction, and with the more certainty, since under the present law and custom she is generally too utter a stranger to politics in any sense in which they involve principle to be able to realize to herself that there is a point of honor in them; and most people have as little sympathy in the point of honor of others, when their own is not placed in the same thing, as they have in the religious feelings of those whose religion differs f rom theirs. Give the woman a vote, and she comes under the operation of the political point of honor. She learns to look on politics as a thing on which she is allowed to have an opinion, and in which, if one has an opinion, it ought to be acted upon; she acquires a sense of personal accountability in the matter, and will no longer feel, as she does at present, that whatever amount of bad influence she may exercise, if the man can but be persuaded, all is right, and his responsibility covers all. It is only by being herself encouraged to form an opinion, and obtain an intelligent comprehension of the reasons which ought to prevail with the conscience against the temptations of personal or family interest, that she can ever cease to act as a disturbing force on the political conscience of the man. Her indirect agency can only be prevented from being politically mischievous by being exchanged for direct. I have supposed the right of suffrage to depend, as in a good state of things it would, on personal conditions. Where it depends, as in this and most other countries, on conditions of property, the contradiction is even more flagrant. There something more than ordinarily irrational in the fact that when a woman can give all the guarantees required from a male elector, independent circumstances, the position of a householder and head of a family, payment of taxes, or whatever may be the conditions imposed, the very principle and system of a representation based on property is set aside, and an exceptionally personal disqualification is created for the mere purpose of excluding her. When it is added that in the country where this is done a woman now reigns, and that the most glorious ruler whom that country ever had was a woman, the picture of unreason and scarcely disguised injustice is complete. Let us hope that as the work proceeds of pulling down, one after another, the remains of the mouldering fabric of monopoly and tyranny, this one will not be the last to disappear; that the opinion of Bentham, of Mr. Samuel Bailey, of Mr. Hare, and many other of the most powerful political thinkers of this age and country (not to speak of others), will make its way to all minds not rendered obdurate by selfishness or inveterate prejudice; and that, before the lapse another generation, the accident of sex, no more than the accident of skin, will be deemed a sufficient justification for depriving its possessor of the equal protection and just privileges of a citizen. (Chapter VIII Of the Extension of the Suffrage from Considerations of Representative Government, by John Stuart Mill, 1861.)

Perceptions Of Workload The WritePass Journal

Perceptions Of Workload Introduction Perceptions Of Workload ]. Further Reading Askun, C.S., 2007. Relationships between students level of effort and course perceptions in a blended learning environment, Indiana University, Bloomington. Frey, N.,   Fisher, D. Everlove, S. 2009. Productive group work, ASCD, Alexandria, VA. Jones, R., 2009. Physical ergonomic and mental workload factors of mobile learning affecting performance of adult distant learners: Students perspectives, ProQuest, Parkway. Rabie, S., 2007. Medical students perceptions of the utility of concept mapping, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, MI.

Gays marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gays marriage - Essay Example Some countries such as New Zealand and Uruguay have enacted and passed laws legalizing gay marriages and which await implementation in August this year. Laws legalizing gay marriages have faced many hurdles in the passage and implementation in many countries. This is because recognition of gay marriages is a social, religious, political, human rights as well as civil issue in several countries and societies in the world (Scherer 45). Several debates continue to emerge everyday concerning legalizing gay marriages. Such marriages are performed in a religious or secular civil ceremony. Some religious faith groups permit gay marriages and these include the American Episcopalians, United Church of Africa, Quakers, Buddhism in Austria, and Conservative Jews among others (Scherer 45). According to various researches conducted in many countries, majority of people with higher levels of education support gay marriages (Chenier 19). Such support is greater among the youths than the aged. Most pollsters in western countries indicate that a majority of people continue to support gay marriages regardless of race, religions, political affiliations, ethnicities, as well as socioeconomic statuses among others. In US, residents of states such as Maryland, Maine, and Washington voted in favor of legalizing gay marriages. ... For instance, the proponents argue that prohibiting gay marriages infringes on the right of man to socialize with any person he or she wishes and seems appropriate (Saad 1). Moreover, they claim that prohibition of gay marriages is discriminatory since it categorizes people. Consequently, banning of same sex marriages infringes on the right to equal treatment of all persons regardless of sex, gender , religion, social status, race just to mention a few. According to court papers filed by American scientific associations, mockery of gay marriages contributes to discrimination of the people involved in the practice (Larocque 23). In addition, since nobody prefers or likes to be discriminated against, banning of such marriages exposes such people to various forms of discrimination. According to scientific information, marriage enhances the well-being of parents thereby, ensuring children benefit from marriage (Larocque 23). Therefore, legalizing gay marriages will improve the well-being of the couples thus, ensuring that children reared by the couple benefit to the maximum. Moreover, scientific research argues that children reared by parents engaged in gay marriages are as healthy and fit as those raised by heterosexual parents. However, the opponents of gay marriages claim that legalizing such marriages goes against the social norms, which have been respected for long time. These people argue that gay marriages arise from couples that are heterosexism or homophobic. Since such people fear or do not like associating with the opposite sex, they get comfort and consolation from people of the same sex (Mann 156). Therefore, these people are not free with the opposite sex, thus have a problem in the society. Moreover, the opponents of same sex marriage

The Use of Knowledge in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Use of Knowledge in Society - Essay Example Since the process of decision making process is heavily influenced by the type of knowledge possessed and the type of organizations involved, the motivation for decision making i.e. the type and level of knowledge possessed by them, is of crucial significance. This essay on ‘Use of knowledge in Society’ aims to discuss, analyse, and assess the views put forward by the author, F. A. Hayek (1945) and ascertain the implications of the claims made in view of various micro-economic theories and concepts. Summary: The article by Hayek (1945) on the use of knowledge in society discusses the various merits and influence of price mechanisms on the decision making process and role of specific knowledge as a decision-making mechanism. He states that â€Å"The peculiar character of the problem of a rational economic order is determined precisely by the fact that the knowledge of the circumstances of which we must make use never exists in concentrated or integrated form but solely a s the dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently contradictory knowledge which all the separate individuals possess (p. 519)." He implies that that it is humanly impossible for a single individual to possess all the relevant information to arrive at a favourable decision. The quest of individuals with regard to addressing the economic problem is hence not about applying the available information or knowledge for optimum utilization of resources but rather on the manner in which the best possible resources can be acquired by means of the limited knowledge available at our disposal. Merits of the argument: Product specific or consumer specific knowledge is known to help firms / organizations in maximizing their profits and sustaining their competitive positioning in the industry. The application of market oriented specific knowledge by the organizations helps firms in warding off competition and in developing effective strategies. Critical information or knowledge regarding one's com petitors such as products, prices, or policies adopted by them etc., plays a key role in producing market/ consumer oriented ideas/ products thus helping organizations in effectively catering to their target consumer/ market segment (Glazer, 1991). Such market / consumer oriented strategies developed based specific knowledge provides organizations with a competitive advantage (Barney, 1991) and helps them in succeeding regardless of the presence of negative influences / obstacles in the external environment (Jaworski and Kohli, 1993; Narver and Slater, 1990). Hayek has stressed the relevance and significance of knowledge in the development of society stating that awareness and application of specific knowledge is likely to contribute towards the overall development of the society and it is hence vital for individuals and societies to acquire and apply such knowledge for generating and maximizing their profits. Since capital is by far the most critical input of production in an indus trial society, possession of appropriate knowledge is inevitable for enabling effective decision making in order

Carl Jungs Analytical Psychology Theory

Carl Jungs Analytical Psychology Theory Introduction Carl Jung was born in a small Swiss village, Kessewil, on July 26, 1875. His father was a minister and his extended family in whose midst he grew up had quite a few clergy men. He went to boarding school and was mostly a loner, who did not enjoy schooling much and initially wanted to go into the field of archaeology after which he decided on medicine at the University of Basel, Switzerland (Storr, 1983). Jung had many dreams, visions and fantasies that he carefully recorded. He was also an expert in many mythological and mystical traditions like Gnosticism, Kabala, Alchemy and Buddhism. All of these contributed increasingly to his views and theories that were developed in later years. Jungs career path and his personality theory were influenced by many of his early experiences. After completing his medical degree from the University of Basel, he began his career at the University of Zurich in 1900. His doctoral thesis on Psychology and Occult phenomenon was heavily influenced by his years of work at the Zurich insane asylum. Jungs interest in parapsychology is clearly illustrated in his concepts and also in much of his work and writing. Jungs own life was quite colorful, his marriage to Emma Rauschenbach and his affair with Toni Wolff who was a therapist working with him was a scandal that created waves in his academic and personal life. His own spell of psychological breakdown which lasted about 6 years led him to a deeper analysis of the psyche and also contributed to his ideas and thoughts in the later years. Collective and Personal Unconscious Jungs methods in Analytical Psychology were developed from Freuds concepts. He did agree to the idea of Libido being the driving force behind all actions, but he refused to agree that it constitutes only sexual energy. In addition to the Ego, he also talked about two types of unconscious being a part of the psyche- collective and personal. He explained the collective unconscious as being derived from years of experiences and something that has been acquired across a vast line of ancestors, which is common to all human beings. He derived this by advocating the idea that certain common themes or symbols have existed across cultures and in every individual which comprised what he called archetypes of the collective unconscious. The more active part of the psyche was believed to be the personal unconscious. He believed that the psyche operated on three mina principles which were: The principle of opposites: In every psyche there is an energy flowing from contrasting desires. The principle of equivalence: There is energy that is equally available to both desires, one is fulfilled and the unfulfilled one must be acknowledged for balance and growth. The principle of entropy: Much like in physics, the psyche also had a concept wherein the opposing poles that create this energy become less contrasting as we age leading to a more stable personality. Archetypes: Jung described and listed various archetypes that constitute the psyche and personality of an individual. These included the Persona, the self, the anima, the animus and the shadow to name a few. The persona refers to those masks we wear which allow us to act differently according to the constraints and expectations of society and individual situations. The persona is not simply a mask but also defines how an individual connects to others and fulfils the roles and responsibilities conferred upon them on various occasions. The self is the true nature and propensities of the individual; it is believed to be the archetype of the psyche that is believed to be the main cause of wholeness and centrality. Jung believed the self to be the area that could lead to a reconciliation, acceptance and awareness of the opposing nature and forces that are constantly creating a struggle in the individual. When a person has acquired proper understanding and has come to terms with the many opposites or polarities of their nature, then they are growing closer to the process of complete understanding. Such a realization and acceptance of the self is what led to the greats like Buddha, Jesus and others to transcend their daily realities and be in tune with the life around them on a higher level. The Anima was the feminine side or instincts that may occur in a male while animus was the male side that is seen in females. The Animus was the masculine side that is there in females and it would define how women relate to males around them. The projection of the anima is what Jung believed decided the kind of woman a man would fall in love with. Too much anima in a man can lead to effeminate habits while in a woman a greater expression of animus contributed to predominantly male traits such as aggression, dominance and so on. The shadow refers to what in laymans terms would be called the dark side. It consists of all those repressed urges and instincts; it is the inferior being who we do not allow out. It is a primitive, uncontrolled part of us that is almost animal like in its responses and urges. There is often a personification of the shadow that occurs in many cases. This is why sometimes we develop an unexplained dislike of some traits in others of other individuals. On exploration it may be found to be a certain habit or urge that we have locked away in us. Jung does not condemn the shadow in man; he does not believe it needs to be locked away. Just as commonly we would always suspect something that is too good to be true, man must live with his dark side, accept that there is the other side rather than live in the strain of denying its very existence. There are conflicts created when we strive to live with ideals and illusions of perfection creating an irritability and lack of acceptance in the ind ividuals. The danger of continually repressing the shadow is that it grows in strength in the unconscious until in one opportune moment it bursts out in a fit of uncontrollable rage and leads to many grave consequences. We can better relate to it when we think back to times when we said I dont know what came over me! Jungs archetypes were many more and he believed that there wasnt a fixed number to the different archetypes that are seen. There are many others seen and each of these contributes to the individual, his or her learning, understanding and functioning in the world around them. Complexes: Jung was also well known for his work on what he termed complexes and how a word association test was developed to draw out these complexes in individuals. He is said to have arrived at the idea of complexes form word association tests conducted while recording galvanic skin responses. Jung stated that a complex is a set of suppressed feelings and thoughts that will gather around a certain theme of the archetype. He said that complexes in themselves did not create neurosis. It is the reactions or behavior caused by the complexes that were problematic. Understanding their effects on behavior and acknowledging them was important for the process of growth and sell fulfillment. The ultimate goal of psychotherapy in Jungian analytics was individuation of the self by transcending the opposing energies. He arrived at the concept of Mandala which symbolized completion or wholeness and balance. Jung helped his patients to look at their lives from a religious, historical and spiritual point of view. Individuals were encouraged to question, explore their psyche beyond their ego or I and arrive at concepts rather than blindly following rules. Another interesting concept that Jung propagated was that of Synchronicity and Teleology. These were both derived from his study of mythology and his own exploration of parapsychology. Synchronicity refers to two events that occur coincidentally, have different causes or origins but are connected in a meaningful manner. Through teleology Jung spoke of how the past has bearing on the future by how it determines how we are led into the future by certain ideas we have about how it should be. Such esoteric and distinctive concepts are underlined and emphasized greatly in Jungian analytics which looks at weaving together psychology and spirituality in a manner of speaking. It is in this respect that he greatly differed from Freuds theories which were more carnal and expounded heavily on everything being driven by sexual desires. Psychological Types Jungian Analytics discusses various psychological types. Every individual has differences in temperament and perceptions that will make them see and react to situations differently. The primary distinction is based on attitude which can be classified as Extraverts and Introverts. Extroverts are said to have an outward flow of their energy or libido. The extravert responds highly to external stimuli, situations, people, objects and is comfortable with interactions, relations and external accomplishments. Being a loner or a social isolate is not suited to people with such temperaments. The opposing pole of this is the introvert who is more in tune with the internal processes in the psyche and thus more open to feelings, fantasies, dreaming. These individuals prefer the subjective realm of images and thoughts and will function better individually than in large groups and also when free from external pressure to conform to the environment. People belonging to both categories hold one another beneath themselves. Extroverts would feel introverts to be restricted and self centered. Introverts would feel extroverts to be opportunistic, shallow and hypocritical. In every individual both tendencies are present but in different degrees. For example an extrovert would ha ve underdeveloped introverted tendencies which can be seen in the form of depression. An additional insight was that people have different ways of perceiving the world which Jung classified into four categories. These included thinking, sensing, intuiting and feeling. Thinking: this involves individuals who take information into their system and evaluate, analyze and arrive at conclusions and ideas in a logical or rational manner. The thinker thus assesses and evaluates the raw information that he takes in from the outer and inner world. Sensing: Sensing individuals gather information about the inner and outer world around them by gathering the inputs through their senses. A sensing individual gets to know the world and perceives what is around him by listening to what he can hear and looking at information. Intuiting: Intuition is a level of perception that is beyond the usual level of consciousness, it involves putting together large amounts of information rather than what is just seen in the immediate environment. Feeling: Feeling is much like thinking but it involves weighing the emotional responses that are evoked to the information that is gathered by an individual. Each individual has each of these functions but uses them in different ways or to different degrees in their daily life. Jung sees the ideal to be the development of all of these functions even the opposite ones in the right degree to form a balanced individual. A personality typology was developed by Jung based on these particulars and these concepts were wildly popular and later developed into a type indicator by the mother daughter duo, Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers. It came to be known as the Myers Briggs Type indicator. For those looking for a more religious and mystical perspective, Jungs theories brought a sense of fulfillment, something they could truly relate to.

Comparing four or more poems Essay

The world around you is full of relationships. Some good, some bad. A relationship can bring happiness and love whilst also bringing sadness and unpleasantness. Two people having emotional feeling for each other, sharing those feelings with comfort and pleasure, form a relationship. Many will say that a relationship is the best thing ever, whilst others may say it’s also the worst. When a relationship forms why does there always have to be a good and a bad part? One of the poems I have studied is ‘this be the verse’ by Philip Larkin. It is about a child blaming everything that has happened to him on his parents. Larkin has expressed his feelings for a relationship by using the bitter and brutal word ‘fuck’. He chooses these choices of words to shock the readers and members of his family. When the poem was write in 1960 the word ‘fuck’ would have been even more offensive than it is now. Ask yourself why call the poem ‘this be the verse’? Larkin uses the word ‘be’ to get his point across on relationships. Using the word ‘be’ makes his opinion a fixed thing. Larkin’s uses of language in this poem sets out the pessimistic image that your parents destroy you. You can tell that him and his parents have never really got along by the quote: ‘they fuck you up your mum and dad’. Larkin is applying that your parents mess you up when he states ‘they may not mean to but they do’. He also sets up the image of hatred by using the rhythm to bang in an effect of anger. The rhythm is bouncy and contracts with the message. Having said that it also depends on your mood when reading the poem. Larkin obviously had a disruptive childhood by the tone and the mood of his poem. ‘Add some extra just for you’. Larkin dents the ironic image by implying he is ashamed of his parents and their parents. The second verse sets up the impression that Larkin might have changed his mind about his parents as the first word is ‘but’. However I was wrong he carries on throughout the verse ‘slagging off’ his parents and grandparents by saying ‘by fools in old style hats and coats’. On verse three he still hasn’t changed his mind about his distraught childhood and his hatred towards his parents. ‘It deepens like a coastal shelf’ Larkin explains that his hurt and hatred built up and deepens more every time he got hurt. Larkin obviously cannot forget about this childhood and forgive his parents for the way he has turned out. He states ‘get out as early as you can’. Larkin gets the impression across the only way to stop you tuning out like you family is to kill yourself. ‘This be the verse’ is a misanthropic poem. Does this mean that Philip Larkin agrees with Sartre, that hell is other people? My opinion towards this poem is that the poet, Philip Larkin is cruel and bitter towards his parents. He gives off the impression very clearly that he has no respect for his parents and grandparents what so ever. And it is very clear that he is not willing to forgive his parents for the way in which he has turned out. However his opinion is different than mine. I feel that the way you turn out has some effect on your parents. However most of it is up to you, by the way you choose to dot things and the way you choose to learn from your mistakes yourself. Another poem I have chosen to study is called ‘the sick equation’ written by Brian Patten. What is a healthy equation? One that works, that provides an answer. Patten is implying that the ‘sick equation’ is one that doesn’t work. Signifying that his parents don’t work well together. At the beginning of each poem ‘this be the verse’ and ‘the sick equation’ they both have a point of comparison. Both poets bring the image across that a relationship is a fixed and bad thing by Patten using ‘absolute’ and Larkin using ‘be’. Are both poets establishing the same message? Patten’s poem talks about the difference at home and school. ‘In school I learned that one and one made two and could have been engraved in stone, an absolute I could not question or refute’. Patten gives out the impression that at school everything has an answer however at home nothing adds up. He the goes on to use the ironic message ‘but home sweet home’ he uses irony to get the message across that he doesn’t care. I feel using irony has more of an impact that not using it. In the second verse Patten uses the strong word ‘raw’. He describes that he is feeling hurt and the hatred towards his parents has grown strongly. ‘In that raw cocoon of parental hate’. ‘I came to believe how it was best that one remained one, for two, one at least would suffer so’. Here Patten explains that for the best its better to keep yourself to yourself, as if you are to become committed at least one of you would hurt. He objects with his mum and dad being together as one of them is always hurting. In the second verse Patten is applying that he had love but let it go by the comment ‘believing this I threw away so many gifts- I never let love stay enough to take to take root, but by thinking myself of too little worth I crushed all its messengers. His parents have let love go for him, they have spoiled love for him, the way his mum and dad acted towards each other impacted into Patten that love is not a good thing. He goes on to stay ‘I grew-or did not grow-and kept my head down low, and drifted with the crowd’. Even though he grew on the outside in height he still remained immature on the inside. ‘I stayed apart, stayed one claiming separateness was out of choice, and at every wedding ceremony I saw the shadow albatross- divorce- fall over groom and bride’. By saying this it implied that for some time that Patten never had the courage to have a full time relationship, as he was scared that the same might happen to him that happened to his parents. It feels that Patten sees a divorce at the beginning of a wedding. In the final verse Patten states that he can’t blame his parents for the way he turned out. (Unlike Larkin) he explains to the reader that he can’t judge everyone for the way they are or that way they have been brought up. He changes his opinion on his parents towards the end of the poem. Its absurd to believe all others are as damaged as we’, ‘the lesson that our parents taught’ he clearly feels he cannot blame his family for what had happened to him now and in the past. He can forgive and forget, unlike Larkin. Unlike Larkin, Patten chooses to only highlight the positive side of a relationship. Pattens choice of words hammer to message into the head that not all relationships are bad, just because he had a bad experience he learnt that you will always be able to love someone. The language he uses relates to his loneliness and hurt in his past. He expresses his hurtful past through his poetry. Another poem I looked at is ‘looking for dad’ again by Brain Patten. You can guess what Patten is going to talk about before reading it for yourself. His dad. The poem is about a boy who thinks his dad has ran away because he hadn’t tided his room, when really it was just another relationship ending disruptly. The poem is set out from the others, when you look at a poem the first thing you will notice is the fact is has verses. ‘Looking for dad’ is all joint together without any verses.

Digging Gold Essay

Abstract This paper will discuss â€Å"Digging gold† case in detail and provide answers to various questions that arose after studying the case. This research will answer to :the types of pollutions that are generated by the gold mining companies, pollution effect on the environment, governmental regulations that would address the pollution problem, role of NGO’S (Non-governmental organizations) and citizens to reduce environmental effects of gold mining, and the companies who are less or more environmentally responsible. Generally, Gold mining is the process of mining gold from the ground. Keywords: Environment, Digging gold, pollution, responsible Gold is one of the most attractive and a highly valuable metal, known for decades. Gold is used in number of fields such as jewelry, dentistry, modern technological applications, in computer chips, lens surfaces, investments, setting currency value and so on.(R. James Weick, 1994).Gold is found widespread in various natural substances such as, sea water, earth’s crust, sedimentary rocks rivers etc. However,† its overall concentration is very low (about 5 milligrams per ton of rock), rich concentrations of gold, forming ore deposits, are known n throughout the world.†(Dr. Bill Birch). Gold mostly exist with other metals. such as lead, zinc, silver or copper and sometimes found free in nature. Gold takes place in variety of forms such as: wire gold, nail gold, mustard gold , paint gold, disseminated, irregular grains, scales, plates and vein lets with microscopic dimensions, and as larger compact, reticulated, spongy or hackly masses or slugs.(Dr. Bill Birch). So Gold mining is the process of mining gold ores from the ground. It is done in two types: Open pit mining and underground mining. Gold Extraction procss TYPES OF POLLUTION GENERATED BY GOLD MINING Under the classification system presented in the section â€Å"Major Areas of Environmental Regulation† three pollution types are described, such as Air pollution, Land pollution and Water pollution. All these three pollutions are generated by the gold mining companies. Their effect on environment is discussed below: Air pollution: When pollutants are not diluted properly and are emitted into the atmosphere, called air pollution. The process used to extract metal, release very harmful toxins that cause pollution such as: Lead, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Mercury, Zinc, Cadmium, and Uranium. These toxins can result in number of diseases to workers and the local people. The inhalation of such toxins may cause impaired vision, muscle weakness, kidney damage, nerve damage, anemia, metal fume fever etc. (No dirty gold campaign). According to the US Toxics Release Inventory, the metal mining industry in the United States contributed the following, in 2010: * 92% of industrial mercury emission s * 94% of industrial arsenic emissions * 73% of known Carcinogenic waste Water pollution: Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged into water bodies without the proper treatment to remove harmful compounds from water. Acid mine drainage, metal contamination, increased levels in streams are the major problems caused by mining to water. These problems affects domestic water supply, irrigation, swimming, fisheries, living organisms ,drinking and various other uses of streams. Acid rain ,caused by iron sulfide that mix with air and water, severe pollution hazard to ground water, surrounding soil and the surface water. (Pollution- issues- mining). Land pollution: Land pollution means damage to land in any form; such as, erosion, formation of sinkholes, deforestation, biodiversity loss, contamination of soil etc. (Wikipedia). Mining needs to clear a large part of the land to be dig, which means that area, can be created by harming vegetation and cutting trees. The chemicals used during mining process are leaked into the land that affect to land. The basic necessities of a living organism are land, water and air. If any  of these is affected, it creates problem for an organism. From above description on pollution effects on environment shows that all three are damaging to the environment equally. But the most endangering is the water pollution because Governmental regulation that effectively concerns the problem: The three alternative approaches discussed in the textbook to address the pollution problems are: Environmental problems, Market based Mechanisms, information disclosure, civil and criminal enforcement. Among these four approaches, information disclosure approach is more effective in case of mining industries to control environment pollution. Reasons in favor of Information Disclosure approach: Under this approach firms are encourage by the government to pollute less by providing information about the amount of pollutant individual companies emit. The various acts like SARA- right to know law and TRI-Toxics Release Inventory provide information to the public, relating to the environment loss lead by a certain company. This approach is effective because no company wants to be criticized and embarrassed in the public. Role of NGO’S and citizens movements The citizen movements and NGO’s can play a vital in reducing the adverse environment effects of the mining companies. The case mention three types of NGO and citizens movements started to reduce the adverse environmental effects of gold mining companies. First is the Romanian citizen’s group called Alburnus Maiors that was initiated by the local farmer and the activist to block the construction of a new gold mine? Second, The Newmont Mining Company was sued by the villagers of Peru, after they were hurt by the mercury spill by a truck. Third, â€Å"No Dirty Gold† campaign was initiated by the Earthworks that were aimed for the jewelry retailers. (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). More and Less environmentally responsible companies Number of companies is mentioned in the case, for example Kennecott,  Tiffany, Canyon Resources and Free port McMoran. More responsible companies: Among these companies, Kennecott and Tiffany are more responsible companies because Kennecott had made a public commitment to sustainability whereas Tiffany had made concern about its public image. Less responsible companies: The companies that are less responsible are Canyon Resources and Freeport Mc Moran in Indonesia. The reason that makes Canyon Resources, less responsible is that it uses destructive methods to extract gold when citizens voted to ban cyanide heap-leach mining. Freeport Mc Moran in Indonesia appears to be doing business with weak environmental laws and enforcement. Conclusion Gold digging and extraction process have a number of effects on environment. â€Å"Gold mining is one of the most environmentally destructive industries in the world.† (Lawrence & Weber, 2014). Following is the list and effects of pollution on environment. References 1. R., James Weick. (1994). Natural Resources: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador- Canada. Geological Survey: Gold Occurrences. 2. Dr. Birch, Bill. Geology of Gold: Formation of Gold: Museum Victoria. 3. Prof. Kakharov, Abrol. (2013).Gold Extraction Process: Diagram. 4. Lawrence, A. & Weber, J. Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy (14th Ed.) Managing Environmental Issues. McGraw Hill. 5. No DirtyGoldCampaign:AirImpact.http://nodirtygold.earthworksaction.org/impacts/air. 6. Wikipedia: Environmental Impact of Mining. 7. Mining: Pollution Issues. www.pollutionissues.com/Li-Na/Mining.html.

Cause And Effect Of My Depression - 1337 Words

In college, I started off pretty much like everyone else. At first, I felt confident and ready. I felt Confident that I was going to succeed in all of my assignments, wake up with determination, and not make bad choices. I felt ready for the long hours of writing papers, finishing homework, and studying for exams. After the first semester, I realized that things are easier being said than done. Before long, assignments were piling up, due dates were near, and my stress levels were out the roof. The cause that led to my downfall in college was none other than depression. My depression has affected my academic life by causing me to procrastinate, which led to my lack of motivation, resulting in my poor performance in college. This Depression is hindering my daily routine, both at home and in school. It is an emotional illness, which occurs internally, but it can also effect a person’s physical activity. For instance, I am no longer energetic as I used to be. 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