Sedition Act Of 1798 Essays - The Federalist Papers, James Madison

Subversion Act Of 1798 The Sedition Act of 1798 For the initial barely any long stretches of Constitutional government, under the administration of George Washington, there was a solidarity, ordinarily considered Federalism that even James Madison recognized in portraying the Republican type of government- - And as per the level of joy and pride we feel in being republicans, should be our enthusiasm in appreciating the soul and supporting the character of Federalists. Despite the fact that officials had genuine contrasts of sentiments, political solidarity was viewed as significant for the dependability of the country. Ideological groups or groups were viewed as insidious as Complaints are wherever gotten notification from our generally accommodating and prudent residents, similarly the companions of open and private confidence, and of open and individual freedom, that our administrations are excessively unsteady, that the open great is ignored in the contentions of adversary parties, and that measures are time after time chose, n ot as indicated by the principles of equity and the privileges of the minor party, however by the prevalent power of an intrigued and tyrannical lion's share Public impression of groups were identified with British overabundances and thought to be the human maladies under which well known governments have wherever died. James Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, By a group, I comprehend various residents, in the case of adding up to a dominant part or a minority of the entire, who are joined together and activated by some regular drive of energy, or of intrigue, adversed to the privileges of different residents, or to the changeless and total interests of the network. He proceeded to clarify that group is a piece of human instinct; that the CAUSES of group can't be evacuated, and that help is just to be looked for in the methods for controlling its EFFECTS. The huge point Madison was to make in this exposition was that the Union was a protect against groups in that regardless of whether the impact of divisive pioneers may fuel a fire inside their specific States, [they will be] unfit to spread a general blaze through different States. What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to challenge convention and open discernments against groups and manufacture a resistance? Did they at long last concur with Edmund Burkes well known saying: When terrible men consolidate, the great must partner; else they will fall, individually, an unpitied penance in an abominable battle? Did the appropriate response lie in their resistance with the plan of Alexander Hamilton and the increments of intensity both to the official branch just as the authoritative part of government? Hamilton pushed for The Bank of the United States, an enormous standing Army raised by the President a Department of Navy, financing and extract charges, and, in international strategy, a lack of bias that was thoughtful to British enthusiasm to the hindrance of France. Numerous officials, particularly those in the south, were frightened to the point that a division of the Union was recommended as the best way to manage Hamiltons victories. Many were anxious about the possibility that that the military would be utilized against them as it had during the Whiskey Rebellion. Southerners saw the duties to help another treasury credit preferring master British dealers in the business urban areas, and unreasonably paid via landowners in the South. These issues just as lack of bias issues between France, England, and the United States were the impetus for the shaping of the Republican Party. The French and English clash caused numerous issues with Americas political framework. The English Order of Council and the French Milan Decree unleashed ruin with Americas transportation and prompted Jays Treaty of 1794. Jays Treaty was invaluable to America and assisted with taking off a war with Britain, yet it likewise distanced the French. The French responded by holding onto American boats making the danger of war pose a potential threat in American personalities. President Adams sent three officials to France to work out an answer and to adjust the Franco-American coalition of 1778, however the Paris government requested pay-offs and an advance from the United States before dealings could even start. The American magistrates wouldn't offer the incentives and they were denied a group of people with licensed specialists and even rewarded with hatred. Two of the magistrates came back to the United States

The role of advanced practice in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The job of cutting edge practice in nursing - Essay Example Academic articles will be used so as to achieve a far reaching conversation of this topic. Individual nursing encounters will likewise be coordinated into this paper so as to help validate the conversation. This paper is being embraced so as to attempt an intensive assessment of cutting edge practice medical caretaker and its pivotal job in the social insurance practice. Propelled practice medical caretakers are characterized or portrayed in an assortment of ways. The Nursing Scope and Standards of Nursing characterize propelled practice nurture as those â€Å"having progressed particular clinical information and abilities through master’s or doctoral training that gets ready for specialization, extension, and headway of practice† (as refered to by Jansen and Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010, p. 5). For this situation, practicing alludes to the demonstration of concentrating or centering one’s practice into a piece of the more prominent nursing practice. Spend significant time in maternal and youngster care might be one of the regions of cutting edge work on nursing. It is centered around the consideration given to the pregnant mother, and consequently her conveyance and youngster care. It centers around what the mother and kid clearly needs and how the medical attendant can lighten such needs. Propelled nursing practice incorporates the extension of abilities and information †past that which is typically secured by nursing practice, now and again in any event, covering the standard limits of clinical practice (Jansen and Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010). In the reasonable setting, this may incorporate the headway of nursing practice into radiology or diagnostics. Generally, the perusing and deciphering research center and radiography results was the territory of radiologists and diagnosticians; yet now, a few fields of cutting edge work on nursing currently incorporate radiology nursing and diagnostics. This firmly speaks to the advances in the nursing practice, where the nursing care has gone past autonomous

Understanding the Basic Emotions Babies Have From Birth

Understanding the Basic Emotions Babies Have From Birth Emotions Print The Basic Emotions Babies Have From Birth By Leonard Holmes Updated on October 11, 2019 Sally Anscombe/Getty Images More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral approaches have come to dominate psychotherapy, but the emotions babies have from birth may offer alternative forms of therapy. Research has shown, however, that there are good reasons for the prevalence of cognitive-behavioral approaches to therapy. Mainly,  this therapeutic approach works for many problems. Depression, in particular, has been shown to respond well to approaches that help people change their beliefs and assumptions. On the other hand, one potential problem with cognitive approaches is their tendency to relegate emotions to a secondary status. Psychologist  Albert Ellis, for example, saw strong emotions as a result of an interaction between events in the environment and beliefs that we have. Infant Emotions Serve as a Guide   But what about babies? Weve all seen babies who seem to be feeling very strong emotions. Do these emotions result from their beliefs? Affect theory is an attempt to explain babies. We all understand that babies have at least rudimentary emotions. Its a lot harder to think of them as having beliefs. Affect theory differs greatly from cognitive approaches because it postulates that we are born with nine very basic emotions called affects. All emotions stem from these affects. Positive, Neutral, and Negative Affects Psychologist Silvan Tomkins believed these nine affects to be innate and the source of all emotions. The affects range from positive to neutral to negative. The positive interests include interest/excitement and enjoyment/joy. The neutral emotions include surprise/startle, while the negative emotions include the following: Fear/terrorAnger/rageDistress/anguish Shame/humiliationDisgustDissmell (repulsion) Silvan Tomkins originally developed affect theory before cognitive theories were popular. It is one of several evolutionary theories that postulate that there are a small number of innate affects. Much of his original work is reputed to be quite difficult to read, so his ideas have been more popular when presented by others who follow his school of thought. Chief among these is Dr. Donald Nathanson, the founder of the  Silvan S. Tomkins Institute. Nathansons  works on the topics of shame and affect theory  have begun a quiet revolution among psychotherapists. Emotions have become clearer and new light is shed on therapeutic techniques such as  eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Script Theory and New Psychotherapy Trends Tompkins affect theory is accompanied by his script theory (which even Nathanson claims to not fully understand). As we get older, we organize our experience into scenes, then into scripts that include emotions, past experiences and guidelines for behavior. The gatherings of the Tomkins Institute  are one of the best places to learn about affect theory and script theory. Nathanson hosts the event, along with others who are active in research and clinical work on the theory. The colloquium has featured several presentations on using EMDR as a technique for freeing people from destructive scripts in their lives and Nathanson encouraged all of the therapists present to learn this technique. Is affect theory the next trend in psychotherapy? Quite possibly, but it has yet not reached the critical mass that it needs to dethrone cognitive therapy. It has great potential, however. Next time you spend time with an infant, ask yourself whether she has emotions. Then ask why.

Starbucks Brand Inventory - 1657 Words

1. Brand inventory History The first Starbucks opened in Seattle on March 30, 1971 by three partners: Jerry Baldwin (English teacher), Zev Siegl (history teacher), and Gordon Bowker (writer). The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment. The name, inspired by Moby Dick, evoked the romance of the high seas and the seafaring tradition of the early coffee traders. From 1971–1975, the first Starbucks was at 2000 Western Avenue; it then was relocated to 1912 Pike Place, where it remains to this day. During their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, and then began buying directly from growers. Entrepreneur Howard Schultz†¦show more content†¦* Help increase incremental sales and revenue by offering seasonal merchandise, coffee and beverages to customers. * Create a fun, festive atmosphere with holiday assortment that’s sure to get customers excited. * Provide customers with the same premium holiday coffee experience they enjoy in Starbucks retail stores. Profile of competitive brands The main competition at the global level: McDonald with the McCafà ©. Recently, McDonald embarked on the coffee market and is therefore now coffee in all its forms. But the goal is not to be placed only on the coffee market but more generally on the drinks market (teas, iced teas) to reach even more consumers. For that, he opened Cafà © Mac inside McDonalds responding to consumer demand who can buy specialty drinks. McDonalds has installed baristas, that is to say servers preparing cappuccinos and other hit on the way to Starbucks. Because of its prices and locations, McDonalds is the number one fast food, he now wants to become as number one on the beverage market. McDonald has the advantage of locations very well placed to attract customers. Moreover, it is based on lower prices than Starbucks. However, McDonalds does not pretend to compete with Starbucks. It has a different offer: it does not have as many varieties of coffee that Starbucks does and isnt as inviting, with sofas or other comfort that areShow MoreRelatedThe Social Brand Inventory On Starbucks Corporation Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Brand Inventory I chose to complete the social brand inventory on Starbucks Corporation. Starbucks’s logo and only symbol is an image of a siren, a two-tailed mermaid. Starbucks does not have one positioning statement, but varying slogans by product or marketing campaign. Six popular slogans include â€Å"It’s not just coffee. It’s Starbucks†, â€Å"Life happens over coffee†; â€Å"Coffee is Culinary†, â€Å"Let’s Merry†, â€Å"Starbucks DoubleShot. Bring on the day†, and â€Å"Starbucks Frappuccino. Work can wait.† Read MoreBusiness Risks And Inherent Risks1512 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Risks and Inherent Risks Starbucks’ success depends significantly on the value of their brands and failure to preserve their value, either through their actions or those of their business partners, could have a negative impact on their financial results. Brand value is based in part on consumer perceptions on a variety of subjective qualities. Business incidents, whether one-time or recurring and whether originating from Starbucks or their business partners, that weaken consumer trust, suchRead MoreStarbucks Inventory Management : Starbucks1195 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Inventory Management: In the inventories section, they are directed at the lower of cost (primarily moving average cost) or market. Starbucks records inventory reserves for obsolete and slow-moving inventory and for estimated shrinkage between physical inventory counts. According to trends, inventory reserves are based on inventory obsolescence, historical experience and application of the specific identification method. As of September 27, 2015 and September 28, 2014, inventory reservesRead MoreCoffee and Distinctive Competencies1668 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks, the ubiquitous coffee retailer earned high profit and is forecasted to grow. The resources and capabilities that have provided Starbuck distinctive competencies are its unique business model of making the store as a third place between home and work, its ability to own its own stores throughout the world, a strong brand name, decision making based on the ideas provided by employees, for which Starbuck started selling experience through sellin g ‘third place’, superior customer servicesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Starbucks Company1372 Words   |  6 PagesBackground (Situational Analysis) Starbucks’ Corporation is the world largest coffee company and renowned specialty coffee maker. It roast, market and retails specialty coffee under the flagship Starbucks brand. Starbucks’ founded originally in 1971,headquartered in Seattle, Washington has 16,635 stores in 50 countries out of which 8,832 are company – operated and 7,803 are licensed stores. Starbucks’ hold 75% market share in domestic market and is expanding aggressively in the international marketRead MoreStarbucks : Financial Analysis Part 21234 Words   |  5 Pages Starbucks: Financial Analysis Part 2 Anna Gallagher American Public Universityâ€Æ' Price earnings (P/E) ratio is considered to be the most valuable tool for investors in determining which stock investments from comparable industry will most likely yield higher growth earnings in the future. Price earnings ratio is calculated by dividing the company’s price per share by its earnings per share (Yahoo Finance, 2015). The higher the ratio, the better because investors can use this ratio as an indicatorRead MoreCoffee Supply Chain : Part B1522 Words   |  7 Pagesand be served to these business’s loyal customers. In this paper we have conducted greater research on the coffee supply chain network. We will discuss the risks and the best practices that will offset these risks; conduct a financial analysis of Starbucks; evaluate a specific evaluation of Brazil and transportation followed by an evaluation of performance improvements of the coffee supply chain. Risks and Best Practices: The three key decisions for the coffee supply chain network were previouslyRead MoreStarbucks : Companys Fiscal Year End Date1047 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Starbucks is a worldwide coffee company that produces world-class coffee, pastries and beverages. They are known as one of the most productive global coffee companies. Starbucks began as a small coffee and was founded by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker in Seattle, Washington in 1971. It is now headquartered in Seattle, Washington and incorporated in Olympia, Washington. The company’s fiscal year end date is September 27th. Although Starbucks has its own audit and complianceRead MoreStarbucks Coffee Operation Management1661 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: 3 The Transformation Role of Operations Management: 3 Starbucks Coffee Hiratage: 3 Starbucks Coffee Mission: 4 Starbucks Supply Chain Objectives 5 Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks 6 Introduction: Every business is managed through multiple business functions each responsible for managing certain aspects of the business. Operations management (OM) isRead MoreStarbucks Analysis : Starbucks And Dunkin Donuts901 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks financial statements were analyzed for the fiscal year ended September 27, 2015. Like all public companies, annual and quarterly financial statements are required to allow regulators and other interested parties to analyze the financial status and management decision making of the company. This analysis focuses on the results of Starbucks most recent published annual report containing their balance sheets, statement of earnings and cash flows. These statements will be analyzed against

Anna Storks Demographic Narrative - 1367 Words

Demographic Narrative Anna Stork is a 72-year-old white female who was diagnosed with congestive heart failure 2 years ago. She has periodic exacerbations of CHF requiring numerous hospital admissions in the last six months. She has been followed by the Medical Center of Trinity Hospital cardiologist, Dr. D. Patel since the diagnosis. Anna’s past medical history is significant for anterior MI approx. 5 years ago, stent implanted, atrial fibrillation, arthritis, IAD and pacemaker implanted, and CHF. Her surgical history includes; stent, IAD, and pacemaker implanted. She denies any allergy history. Anna stroke lives with her husband Steve Stork in a three-bedroom apartment in Newport Richey, Florida. Her both parents are deceased. Her father died at 68 due to myocardial infarction and mother died at 92 due to old age problems. She has a total of 4 siblings. One sister with hypertension which is controlled by medications and diet, one brother with hypertension and cardiomyopathy, and the other 2 siblings (boy and girl) are in good health with no current illnesses. Her husband has mild dementia, diabetes, and hypertension. She has 2 children (son daughter); both are healthy with no significant medical history. Anna Stork is happily married for 40 years. She denies alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. She was a former smoker and quit smoking few months ago. One of her sister own few day care centers and she work 8 hour shift 3 days a week in one of her

Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal Free Essays

This is not so! To support this argument Michael Faraday is the perfect example. Faraday didn’t receive a formal education, yet through the dint of hard work and sheer determination he became one of the 19’Th Century. Michael Faraday belonged to the poor family of a blacksmith. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal or any similar topic only for you Order Now His parents were so poor that they were not able to send Faraday to school. At a time when all boys of his age went to school, Faraday was ngaged in menial work. Due to the crushing poverty of his family, Faraday was forced to take up several odd Jobs that taught him how to fend for himself when he was still a minor. However, in the course of time, Faradays hard work and a flair for science made him one of the most successful scientists of his time in England. Faraday took deep interest in science and made a significant contribution to the study of physics and chemistry. Faraday had an extraordinary number of ingenious ways to work out on scientific methods. This special ability of Faradays astonished many renowned scientists of his time. Faraday was the first scientist who succeeded in liquefying a permanent gas. This was without doubt a great discovery of his time. Moreover, Faraday is much acclaimed for his major contribution to electricity and magnetism. It was Faraday who laid the foundation of the electric motor, the generator, the transformer, etc. As with physics Faraday was also interested In chemistry. He discovered benzene and used it for different purposes In fact, Faraday didn’t have a university education; but he was still unanimously appointed professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution. This was the acknowledgement of his rofound knowledge and Ingenious capacity to deal with scientific methods. Faradays lectures on science were highly knowledge and fully of witty remarks. In order to give due respect to Michael Faraday, a unit of electricity was named after him. It is called â€Å"Farad† this Is the unit to measures an amount of electrical charge. In the course of time, Faraday developed generators and transformers which were regarded as major Inventions of 19’Th century. Not only this, Faraday Is also remembered for having coined new technical words used In electricity Ilke Ion, electrode, cathode, and anode etc. MICHAEL FARADAY was born on September 22, 1791, In Newington Butts, London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday and Mrs. Margaret Hastwell migrated from Clapham, Yorkshire, to London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday was a blacksmith, and he was managing to survive on a very meager Income. Faradays early childhood was spent In poverty and hardship. When Faraday was a young boy of ten, he saw all his playmates going to school. Like many other boys, Faraday also wanted go to school , therefore he repeatedly Implored his father to send him to school but his father would say , â€Å"next year†, and that next year never came. As a result , all his life Faraday was deprived of school and a university education. Actually Mr. Faraday wanted to send his son to school , but he was simply unable duo to his very poor financial state. HIS Income was quite low and also not very reliable. Due to such an erratic Income from his profession Mr. Faraday could not send his son to send him to a school. â€Å"l should do something to educate myself. † Although Faraday was not going to school, he had an unusual obsession for reading and collecting books of all kinds. His interest chiefly lay in science. He began to collect good books o matter how expensive they were and , to meet the expenses of buying books ; Faraday began to do all sorts of odd Jobs that came his way. Faradays love for books was well known among his friends. One fine morning, Faraday was going to a Job when he met one of his bosom pals, he informed Faraday about a Job opportunity available in a bookbinding shop. This was absolutely fabulous news for Faraday because he knew working in a bookbinding shop meant getting an opportunity to read plenty of books. Faraday immediately changed direction and headed towards the bookbinder’s shop and asked the owner for the Job. The owner of the bookbinding shop was Mr. Riebau who was a kind man. He agreed to employ Faraday on a nominal wage, but for Faraday a Job in a bookbinding shop was more valuable than any wage. Faraday was extremely happy with his new Job. He would go to work well before the duty time and leave late in the evening. Faraday would also bring some books with him whose delivery was to be made little late. Faraday started serious study of any science books which fell into his hand. He had taken a keen interest in science , but especially in physics and chemistry. It became a routine for Faraday to study late into the night , but sometimes he would even remain awake for the whole night and read an entire book in a single sitting. Faraday worked in Mr. Riebau’s bookbinding shop for over eight years. After 8 years of service in Mr. Riebau’s shop , Faraday then Joined in Mr. De La Roche’s bookbinding shop. Here too Faraday did his work with complete dedication and gave his mater no opportunity to make a complaint against him. During this period Faraday had successfully managed to collect his own personal library which he kept in his little bedroom where he would study physics and chemistry with complete dedication. While reading science and the works of great scientists , Faraday began to nurture a desire of becoming a scientists deep in his heart. One day a satisfied costumer gave a ticket to Faraday. The ticket was a gate-pass to attend lecture of Sir Humphrey Daw at Royal Institute. Faraday was very grateful to the gentleman who have him the ticket as he was very eager to attend the lectures. On the day of Daws lectures Faraday reached the hall almost an hour early and secure his seat in the first row so that he could see and hear Daws lecture clearly. One by one Faraday attended all the lectures of Sir. Humphrey Daw. Sir Humphrey Daws learned lectures left a profound impression on Faraday. While Sir Daw was delivering lectures , Faraday has noted down every single important fact in his notebook. Later he carefully studied those notes and wrote several pages which he made into a thick book and went straight to Humphrey Daws house. Faraday handed over this book to Sir Humphrey Daw and requested him to read in his leisure time. Sir Daw studied Faradays book and found it very interesting. A few days later Faraday asked Sir Daws opinion about his book , Sir Daw said he was impressed by his work and these words of Sir Daw were more than enough to nspire a young man like Faraday. Faradays meeting with Sir Daw left a good impression upon Sir Daws mind. A few months later Faraday sought a Job in Sir Daws laboratory, because he was eager to see scientific experiments close-up. as extremely glad as he had the opportunity to work under the guidance of Sir Daw, a renowned scientist of his time. Faraday was very delighted in order to improve his understanding of science. Sir Daw taught him several important aspects of physics and chemistry that tremendously helped to expand Faradays mental horizon . Sir Daw was also very satisfied at seeing Faradays rapid progress as he was picking up verything very quickly. After one year of hard work , Faraday has the opportunity to be one of the members of Sir Daws entourage on a European tour. On this important tour , Sir Daw delivered many erudite lectures that Faraday had noted down in his notebooks. Faraday had also received some rare opportunities to meet with some renowned scientists. Faraday duly capitalised on this opportunity to improve his scientific Knowledge. While Faraday was doing very well in science , Mrs. Daw never treated Faraday as more than a servant , but Faraday never made any complaint about her obnoxious behaviour to Sir Daw. Faraday remained a through gentleman all his life. Upon his return from the tour on 1815 , Faraday became even more ambitious to be a scientist then he was before. Now he wanted to establish his own identity as a scientist rather than Just as a working assistant in Sir Daws laboratory. So Faraday began to study will all his ability. Faraday seriously began making a series of experiments until late into the night. On the basis of his long-time experiments and through study of science. He eventually developed electromagnetic rotations. Faraday showed his discoveries to Sir Daw and asked his opinion for its publication n the scientific Journal, but Sir Daw delayed giving his opinion on Faradays discoveries and that soured their relationship. Sir Daw did not acknowledge Faradays achievement at the first sight and never gave the ideas for this. Anyway , Faraday was most embarrassed at receiving such a cold reception from Sir Daw. However , without getting Sir Daws approval, Faraday published his works on electromagnetic rotation. When Faradays papers were published in a reputed science Journal, Sir Daw blamed Faraday for publishing his papers without his acknowledgement. After the publication of Faradays papers in the science Journal hose scientists who disliked Faraday accused him of stealing or plagiarizing the ideas of other scientists. Faraday did not lend an ear to the clamor his opponents were making, Instead Faraday went on with more experiments and published many scientific papers in several Journals. Faraday succeeded to liquefy chlorine in 1823 and proved that a gas can also be liquefied. Slowly but steadily , Faraday was emerging from obscurity into the limelight as a rising scientist. Faraday submitted an application to the Royal Institute in 1824 and sought to be elected a fellow of the Royal Institute , but his application was ruthlessly turned down. Later it was suspected that actually Sir Daw did not want to see Faraday sitting equal to him. In spite of Sir Daws strong opposition , the following year Faraday was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and later directory of the laboratory of the Royal Institute. Faraday took special interest in the study of electromagnetic function. After a series of experiments , he discovered electromagnetic induction , the battery , the electric arc , and electrostatics. These were some of the major discoveries which duly lifted eputation to a new height as a most brilliant scientist. The loads of work and staying up late into night caused severe harm to his health. Due to heavy workload, he often Faraday complained of losing his memory and that made him unable to write about studying or experiment on new things as freely as he wanted. Faraday passed away peacefully at the age of 76 in his arm chair on August 25 , 1867. Faraday discoveries and inventions created new avenues in the field of science and technology. Faraday was without doubt one of the foremost scientist who set the foundations of scientific discovery. How to cite Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal, Papers

Identify the Historical Cost Accounting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify and describe three (3) alternatives to Historical Cost Accounting (HCA). In your description, outline the underlying assumptions of each alternative and provide examples of how each method could be applied in practice. Critically evaluate whether any of these alternatives represent a viable alternative to historical cost accounting? 2.Identify the main users of accounting referred to within the AASB/IASB conceptual framework. Does the identification of particular users within the conceptual framework have implications for the future of accounting measurement? In your response you will need to consider the implications of the identification of particular users on the use of fair values and historical cost accounting?3. Who does Hines believe has the most to gain from the development of conceptual frameworks? Compare and contrast the views of Hines with the advantages? Answers: 1. Since ages, the record of the books of account was done at the historical cost. It can be regarded as the account that is socially constructed and is inductively developed. It refers to the process in which the costs of transactions are recorded at the price at which it was the purchased (Ellul et al., 2015). Although the historical cost was positive in nature, during the late 70s and early 80s the change in the economic condition and the rise of principle of accounting, the nature of historical cost (HCA) from positive became normative. It represented the cost in which the asset was acquired and ignored its present value. Under the basis ofhistorical cost accounting the liabilities and the assets and are recorded at the values at which it was purchased. In terms of this the entry are made in the balance sheet and the income statements. The main advantages of historical cost (Taplin, Yuan Brown, 2014) it is a straightforward and comprehensive process. However, there is no indication of the current value of the assets and it completely ignores the opportunity cost of the use of the assets. In order to solve the problem and change theaccounting nature to different other normative alternatives are needed to be identified. According to IFRS, the various alternatives ofaccounting other than historical cost are listed below: Current Cost Accounting: The current cost accounting is a normative alternative for the historical cost accounting (Smith Smith, 2014). It is based on the values that are actual and the historical costs that are adjusted are not adjusted. It differentiates the profits from holding and trading gains are differentiated. The profits that are holding can be either realized or unrealized. The Income perspective adopted will determine whether holding gains or losses will be treated as income. The currents cost accounting assumption is that that they take in account the losses and gains as income and capital adjustments. The accounting method of current cost helps in many ways the business; it helps in entitys accurate performance comparison of the and the current state of performance can be evaluated easily with the help of this method (Barker Schulte 2017). However, the cost of replacement may differ that can give rise to high complexity and there can be lack of familiarity. To understand the current cost accounting an example is as follows: Considering a building as been acquired on first of January 2012 at a cost of $1000000 and is 10 years is the useful estimated life. The cost of replacement is $1800000 on first of Jan 2017 and $2000000 on 31st of Jan 2017. Then the current value of depreciation by the current cost method will be calculated by: =$1900000 Fair value accounting: Principle of Fair value accounting is the that has been implemented by the IFRS to standardize the fair value calculation by examining the historical cost. It requires that the fair market value or an estimation of market price be used the present value of the expected cash flow. In the early 1990s it was established but in 2006 was amended. While evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of the fair value accounting, It can be said that it reflects the economic reality and the accurate value of losses are recognized but at times they are subject to high volatility and it may impact the down market accounting (McDonough Shakespeare, 2015). To understand this concept practically by an example, assuming a companys stock sells currently for $20 per share. The company innovated the product, resigned the packing and the product line and made improvements. Even though these changes will not reflect directly on the financial statements of the company, it can improvise the Companys competitive advantage in key markets (Fontes, Panaretou Peasnell, 2018). Considering this, the investors may assume a enhancement in the future cash flow in the and anticipate it to be much forward going. Growth rate can be estimated and calculated by thefair valueof the stock at $50 per share that is $30 more than the current amount Current purchasing power accounting: This method is useful in times of hyperactive inflationary environment. The capital maintenance of finance is measured in units of constant purchasing power in terms of daily index in this technique,. It is fundamentally different from the method of accounting of the historical cost as in historical cost; the capital is maintained in the nominal monetary units (bbott Tan?Kantor, 2017). The process of historical cost that is to maintain the capital at nominal money units is a wrong move as the maintenance if the constant power of purchase that is the real value during inflation and deflation is impossible. In case of accounting of Constant purchasing power, the constant purchasing power of the capital for a period can be automatically maintained and that is indefinite. The advantage of the CPP is that it measures the impact on the entity in terms of the purchasing power shareholder and as it relies on the standard index it is more simple and objective based. However, it does not signify the current values of the assets and the liabilities and the general price index may not be appropriate for all the assets in all the businesses. Moreover, at times the CPP fails to capture the economic substance when there is a divergence in the general movements in price (Polman, Effron Thomas, 2017). For example, if an organization holds a land at $10, 000 at 5% is the recorded rate of inflation then the attuned value of the land may represented as $10,500 and if this land was sold then assumption can be made that the cash received would have the same power of purchasing. Although the value of the land in terms of money has increased there would be no gain or loss recognized. By comparison, $10 in cash held now is still worth $10 in cash 2 years later, but its purchasing power would have declined and this reduction in purchasing power would be recognized in shaping the financial performance of the entity. Therefore, as the historical cost method has become normative in nature it is important to make replacements in the method that is traditional of historical cost to represent the transaction. It can be easily replaced by all these accounting methods, which are more accurate and practical (Whittington, 2016). 2. The project of conceptual framework includes the one of the major undertakings of the international accounting standard board (IASB) that has been framed with an objective to improvise the reporting of finance by providing a set of concepts that are more complete with sound clarity and are updated. It addresses the areas that are not covered by the existing framework, like: Measurement Performance Disclosure Derecognizing Reporting The objective of the conceptual framework includes clarification of the existing framework, such as the various informations that are needed to meet the objectives of the firms and provides a clearer assets and liabilities definition and a sound guidance to support the definition (Sikka, 2015). The two primary users of the financial reporting can be termed as external users and internal users. The internal users include the manager who utilizes the information of accounting for making decisions related to the companys operations. The users who are external refers to the the ones who are not involved with the firms operation but hold some financial interest (Bibauw, Franois Desmet, 2018). They include the investors, lenders, suppliers, employees, creditors, consumer, public in general and the government agencies. Investors and owners: The decision makers needs to provide informations to the stakeholders of the corporation that is to whether to hold, sell or buy the stocks and share, with the help of the financial statements it will be easier to convey the information. Many prospective investors who need information for assessing the potential for the company's success and profitability, takes the help of the financial statements (Jessen et al., 2014). Similarly, the various small business entities need the financial information for determination of whether to continue with the business with that entity or to drop the idea after assessing profitability of the origination. Management: Themangers of the firms whether owners or hired, had to face regularly the economic decisions like the purchase of the suppliers, the portion of liquid cash in hand, the performance analysis and the target attainment. The financial reporting helps to get all these valuable information so that the management can efficiently manage the business and increase the efficiency (Kotl et al., 2017). Moreover, in the small scale businesses, owners may be included in the management. In large-scale organizations, the managers are the agents of the owners. They are hired externally for the taking the responsibility of operating the business. Lenders of the business: The lenders include financial institutions like the banks who are interested in the ability of company to pay the liability upon maturity. Suppliers or Trade creditors: Similar to the lenders of the trade creditors and the various suppliers are interested in the financial reporting of the company, as they need information regarding the companys ability to pay the obligations when it comes to use. In a simpler term, they are interested in the liquidity of the company, which are the obligations that are short term in nature. Government: The states governing bodies like the authorities of the tax are interested in the entities financial informations for the purpose of regulation and tax (Reed, 2014). The taxes of each of the businesses are computed based on result and operations of the company. Therefore, representation of the transactions in the financial report is needed. The state needs to keep themselves updated with the companys performance to determine the amount of tax. Employees Employees of the company are interested in the profitability and stability of the company to determine the capability to pay ability to get their remuneration and provide employee benefits. They may also be interested in its financial position and performance to examine the firms possibilities of expansion security and opportunities of development of career. Clients In times of long-term contract or involvement between the customers, the customers and the company become interested in the ability company to continue its being and maintain stability operation. This purpose is also heightened where the clients depend upon the firm. General Public The general outsiders of the company like the various researchers, students and the analysts are interested in the financial statements for various valuation and research purposes. Users of the financial reporting have a choice between the two measurement of accounting that is the fair value method and the HCA. In spite of the universal adaptation of the FVA as the measurement of accounting, there exists a debate that in many countries due its high volatility, it can result in the financial economic crisis and the historical cost method ignores the present value and considers the past, which is normative in nature. Both have underlying limitations. In this context, there has existing an underlying controversy that analyses the two approaches. It is not only a question but also a judgment on the conceptual framework to adopt for the financial reporting evaluations (Bauer, O'Brien. Saeed, 2014). It can be concluded that according to the nature of the business, the decision is to be taken about what measurement technique should be adapted. 3. As discussed in the above discussion the conceptual framework of financial reporting, is the technique in the accounting theory, which is prepared by a standard setting body like IASB for investigating the practical problems of accounting. They deal the issues of the fundamentals of financial reporting and the many other framework objectives. In other terms, conceptual framework is a theoretical principles statement that guides the financial reporting and accounting (Tracey, 2015). The reason of developing the conceptual framework is that it provides a systematic framework to set the accounting standard and resolve the various accounting disputes. The benefits of the conceptual framework according to the IASB is that the conceptual framework helps in the clarification of the various concepts underlying with the accounting standards and the makers of stands like the IASB to develop accounting standards consistently (Gordon et al., 2015). It also provides a clear understanding in the process of accounting, auditing and the other financial operations. if this approach of standard setting is made clear to the users the determination of the nature and function of the financial information that is to be reported would be much easier. The conceptual framework also acts as a guide for unusual transactions. According to the users of the framework, having a conceptual framework helps to improve the overall credibility of the accounting profession as well. Moreover, the conceptual framework enhances the process of comparing the statements to verify the performance. Therefore, the conceptual framework is a systematic and practical method of reporting in recent times. According to the Standard-setting board and the various bodies of accounting, the conceptual framework projects provides a outlook based on principles that is user-centric, it also offers the most objective approach to the generation of general purpose financial reports (Tracey, 2015). In terms of teleological normative ethics, conceptual framework is totally aligned to ethical universalism. Hines has referred the conceptual framework the body that provides knowledge to the accounting users. She terms the conceptual framework as core knowledge of various accounting practice. It guides all the transactions. She has considered it as a strategic maneuver that provides the legitimacy for setting of standard (Coulson, 2012). However, according to Hines there are drawbacks of this concept. she has interpreted that the conceptual framework in a different way by pointing out the nature of accounting and auditing to be problematic and questioning the ability of the conceptual framework, of not being able to provide a sound clarity in the reporting procedure, to overcome the lack in understand of the accounting concepts by the users. References Barker, R., Schulte, S. (2017). Representing the market perspective: Fair value measurement for non-financial assets.Accounting, Organizations and Society,56, 55-67. Bauer, A. M., O'Brien, P. C., Saeed, U. (2014). Reliability makes accounting relevant: a comment on the IASB Conceptual Framework project.Accounting in Europe,11(2), 211-217. bbott, M., Tan?Kantor, A. (2017). Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation.Australian Accounting Review. Bibauw, S., Franois, T., Desmet, P. (2018). Discussing with a computer to practice a foreign language: from a conceptual framework to a research agenda for dialogue-based CALL.Computer Assisted Language Learning,31, 1. Coulson, A. (2012). IASB Conceptual Framework: Qualitative characteristics of useful information.Accounting Technician Ellul, A., Jotikasthira, C., Lundblad, C. T., Wang, Y. (2015). Is historical cost accounting a panacea? Market stress, incentive distortions, and gains trading.The Journal of Finance,70(6), 2489-2538. Fontes, J. C., Panaretou, A., Peasnell, K. V. (2018). The Impact of Fair Value Measurement for Bank Assets on Information Asymmetry and the Moderating Effect of Own Credit Risk Gains and Losses.The Accounting Review. Gordon, E. A., Bischof, J., Daske, H., Munter, P., Saka, C., Smith, K. J., Venter, E. R. (2015). The IASB's discussion paper on the Conceptual framework for financial reporting: a commentary and research review.Journal of International Financial M Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., Van Boxtel, M., Breteler, M., Ceccaldi, M., Chtelat, G., ... Glodzik, L. (2014). A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association,10(6), 844-852. Kotl, V., t?tina, T., Poupardin, R., Korbelov, J., Bruce, A. W. (2017). Conceptual framework of the eco-physiological phases of insect diapause development justified by transcriptomic profiling.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201707281. McDonough, R. P., Shakespeare, C. M. (2015). Fair value measurement capabilities, disclosure, and the perceived reliability of fair value estimates: A discussion of Bhat and Ryan (2015).Accounting, Organizations and Society,46, 96-99. Polman, E., Effron, D. A., Thomas, M. R. (2017). Other Peoples Money: Moneys Perceived Purchasing Power Is Smaller for Others Than for the Self.Journal of Consumer Research. Reed, E. S. (2014). The intention to use a specific affordance: A conceptual framework for psychology. InDevelopment in context(pp. 61-92). Psychology Press. Sikka, P. (2015). The hand of accounting and accountancy firms in deepening income and wealth inequalities and the economic crisis: some evidence.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,30, 46-62. Smith, S. R., Smith, K. R. (2014). The journey from historical cost accounting to fair value accounting: The case of acquisition costs.Journal of Business and Accounting,7(1), 3 Taplin, R., Yuan, W., Brown, A. (2014). The use of fair value and historical cost accounting for investment properties in China.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,8(1), 101. Tracey, E. (2015). Discussion of Conservatism, prudence and the IASB's conceptual frameworkby Richard Barker (2015).Accounting and Business Research,45(4), 539-542. Whittington, G. (2016). Accounting and economics.The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1-6.